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The most considerable expenses are those common to
most towns, being in 1898 about 2 millions for schools,
2 millions for police, other sums for sanitary objects,
and so forth.
The Communes in the country had in 1898 a
revenue not much exceeding 5½ millions, and expenses
not much over 5⅓ millions. This is, on each side, not
much more than two marks per head, much less than
in other countries. Contrary to the case of all other
countries, where the Communal expenses as a rule
have increased heavily of late, the increase of expenses
and taxes in the Finnish rural communes has hardly
followed the increase of population. We have no
statement of their property; but their total indebtedness
was a little over 4¾ millions. In some cases it is
doubtful what to assign to the State and what to the
Commune, as, for instance, where the State has imposed
payment in kind which does not appear in any account.
This is the case with the roads, for instance, where
three-quarters of a million, paid in cash for work done
by contractors, and paid through the Communes chiefly
by a tax on land, passed the Communes, treasuries and
accounts; but the greater part, according to earlier
figures as much as 3½ millions, is paid in labour by
the landowners. The schools required in 1898 1⅓
million, and the poor-law contribution in 1891 was
reckoned at 2 millions, and does not seem to have
increased notwithstanding the improvement in the
paupers’ condition. Half a million was expended in
1898 for sanitary purposes, against one-third of a
million in 1891, and for other purposes a less amount.
Of the total revenue of 5½ millions, 4½ millions were
obtained by taxes in 1898, against 3½ in 1891. In
addition 1½ million was raised in 1891 by a kind of
income-tax, to which we shall refer later; one million
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