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Weights anb Measures.
The yard is the standard unit for length in the United
States and Great Britain. To determine the length of the yard,
a pendulum vibrating seconds in a vacuum at the level of the
sea in,the latitude of London, with the Fahrenheit thermometer
at 62°, is supposed to be divided into 391,393 equal parts ; 360,-
000 of these parts is the length of the standard yard. Actually,
the standard yard in both the United States and Great Britain
is a metallic scale made with great care and kept by the respec-
tive governments, and from this standard other measures of
length have been produced.
The standard unit of weight in the United States and
Great Britain is the Troy pound, which is equal in weight to
22.2157 cubic inches of distilled water at 62° Fahrenheit, the
barometer being 30 inches. The Troy pound contains 5,760
Troy grains; the Pound Avoirdupois, which is the unit of
weight used in commercial transactions and mechanical cal-
culations in the United States and Great Britain, is equal to
7,000 Troy grains.
In the United States the standard unit of liquid measure
is the wine gallon, containing 231 cubic inches or 8.3389 pounds
avoirdupois of distilled water at a temperature of its greatest
density (39°-40° F).
In the United States the standard unit for dry measure is
the Winchester Bushel, containing 2150.42 cubic inches.
In Great Britain the standard measure for both liquid and
dry substances is the Imperial Gallon, which is denned as the
volume of 10 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water, when weighed
at 62° Fahrenheit with the barometer at 30 inches. The Im-
perial Gallon contains 277.463 cubic inches. The Imperial
Bushel of 8 gallons contains 2219.704 cubic inches.
Long Measure.
12 inches = 1 foot = 0.30479 meters.
3 feet = 1 yard = 0.91437 meters.
h]/
2 yards = 1 rod or pole = 16>^ feet = 198 inches.
40 rods = 1 furlong = 220 yards = 660 feet.
8 furlongs = 1 statute or land mile = 320 rods = 1760 yards.
3 miles = 1 league = 24 furlongs = 960 rods.
5280 feet == 1 statute or land mile = 1.609 kilometer.
1 geographical or nautical mile = 1 minute = £$ degree.
As adopted by the British admiralty,* a nautical mile is 6080 ft.
1 nautical mile = 1.1515 statute or land miles.
1 statute or land mile = 0.869 nautical miles.
* See Machinery, page 23, Sept., 1897.
(*33)
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