- Project Runeberg -  Machinists' and Draftsmen's Handbook
(1910) Author: Peder Lobben - Tema: Mechanical Engineering
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MACHINISTS’ AND DRAFTSMEN’S HANDBOOK:

CONTAINING TABLES, RULES AND FORMULAS, WITH NUMEROUS EXAMPLES EXPLAINING THE PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICS AND MECHANICS AS APPLIED TO THE MECHANICAL TRADES INTENDED AS A REFERENCE BOOK FOR ALL INTERESTED IN MECHANICAL WORK. BY PEDER LOBBEN, MECHANICAL ENGINEER. Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and Worcester County Mechanics Association. Honorary Member of the N. A. Stationary Engineers. Non-Resident Member of the Franklin Institute. SECOND AND ENLARGED EDITION. NEW YORK D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 23 Murray and 27 Warren Streets 1910 Copyright, 1899, by PEDER LOBBEN Copyright, 1910, by PEDER LOBBEN

Preface to the electronic edition

Peder Lobben was born in 1858 on a farm in Norway. He worked first at Kongsberg Vaabenfabrik. From age 21 in 1879 he worked in the U.S.A., yet graduated from a Norwegian technical college at Horten in 1882. In 1894 he returned to Norway and published a Lommebog for Mekanikere (1895; 2nd edition 1900, 735 pages; 4th edition 1908; 7th edition 1921, 968 pages; Pocket reference for mechanics), but soon went back to the U.S.A. In English he published the Machinists’ and Draftsmen’s Handbook (1900, 438 pages, Internet Archive). In 1902 he returned to Norway and started a correspondence school in Oslo, with courses summarized in Lobbens tekniske bibliotek (5 volumes, 1923—1928).

The second edition of Machinists’ and Draftsmen’s Handbook (1910, 487 pages) is shown here. Compared to the 1st edition, it adds a table of contents and a chapter on electrical terms. It was digitized in June 2011 at the Library of Congress by the Internet Archive, from where the scanned images and OCR text in January 2025 were copied to Project Runeberg. We have white-balanced the images, making them a bit brighter.

This volume was scanned elsewhere and made available by the Internet Archive, from where the scanned images were copied to Project Runeberg. We very much appreciate that they have made this possible and want to encourage other digital library projects to follow their example. Read more about Project Runeberg's image sources.


The above contents can be inspected in scanned images: cover, title page, verso of title leaf, i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, vii, viii, ix, x

Korrstapel / Proof bar for this volume

Table of Contents


Title and contents - cover, title page, verso of title leaf, i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, vii, viii, ix, x
Preface to first edition - (3)
Preface to second edition - (4)
Notes on Mathematics - 1, 2, 3, 4
    Signs - 1, 2, 3
    Formulas - 3, 4
Arithmetic - 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62
    Addition - 5
    Subtraction - 5
    Multiplication - 6
    Division - 6
    Fractions - 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
    Decimals - 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
    Ratio - 16
    Proportions - 16, 17, 18
    Compound proportions - 17, 18
    Interest - 19, 20, 21
    Compound interest - 22, 23, 24, 25, 26
    Results of small savings - 26
    Equation of payments - 27
    Partnership - 27, 28, 29
    Square root - 29, 30
    Cube root - 30, 31
    Radical quantities expressed without the radical sign - 32
    Reciprocals - 32
    Table of squares, cubes, square roots, cube roots, and reciprocals of fraction and mixed numbers from 1-64 to 10 - 33, 34, 35, 36
    Table of squares, cubes, square root, cube root and reciprocals of numbers from 0.1 to 1000 - 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62
Notes on Algebra - 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70
    Sign of quality and size of operation - 63
    Useful formulas and rules - 63, 64
    Extracting roots - 64
    Powers - 64, 65
    Equations - 65, 66, 67
    Quadratic equations - 67, 68
    Progressions - 68, 69, 70
    The arithmetical mean - 70
    The geometrical mean - 70
Logarithms - 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132
    To find the logarithms of numbers of four figures - 73
    To find the logarithms of numbers having more than four figures - 73, 74
    To find the number corresponding to a given logarithm - 74, 75
    Addition of logarithms - 75, 76
    Subtraction of logarithms - 76, 77
    Multiplication of logarithms - 77, 78
    Division of logarithms - 78, 79
    Short rules for figuring by logarithms - 79, 80, 81
    Simple interest by logarithms - 81
    Compound interest by logarithms - 82, 83
    Discount or rebate - 83, 84
    Sinking funds and savings - 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89
    Paying a debt by instalments - 89
    Table of logarithms of numbers - 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125
    Hyperbolic logarithms - 126
    Table of hyperbolic logarithms - 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132
Weights and Measures - 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148
    Long measure - 133
    Square measure - 134
    Cubic measure - 134
    Liquid measure - 134
    Dry measure - 134
    Avoirdupois weight - 134
    Troy weight - 135
    Apothecaries’ weight - 135
    Weights of produce - 135
    The metric system of weights and measures - 135, 136
    Table reducing millimeters to inches - 137
    Table reducing inches to millimeters - 137
    Table of reduction for pressure per unit of surface - 138
    Table of reduction for length and weight - 138
    Weight of water, measure of water - 138
    Specific gravity - 138
    Table of specific gravity, weights and values of various metals - 139
    Table of specific gravity of various woods - 139
    Table of specific gravity of various materials - 140
    Table of specific gravity of liquids - 140
    To calculate weights of casting from weight of pattern - 141
    Weight of a bar of rough iron of any shape of cross section - 141
    To calculate the weight of sheet iron of any thickness - 141
    To calculate weight of metals not given in the tables - 141
    To calculate the weight of zinc, copper, lead, etc., in sheets - 142
    To calculate the weight of cast iron balls - 142
    The weight of round steel per linear foot - 142
    Table of weights of square and round bars of wrought iron - 143, 144
    Table of weight of flat iron in pounds, per foot - 144
    Table of sizes and numbers of U. S. standard gage for steel and iron in sheets - 145
    Table of wire gages - 146, 147
    Table of weight of iron wire - 147
    Table of decimal equivalents of the numbers of twist drills and the steel wire gage - 148
    Table of decimal equivalents of Stubs’ steel wire gage - 148
Geometry - 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193
    Angles - 149
    Polygons - 149
    Triangles - 150, 151
    Circles - 152
    Trigonometry - 153, 154, 155, 156
    The trigonometrical table and its use - 157
    Trigonometrical tables - 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165
    Logarithms corresponding to the trigonometrical functions - 166, 167
    To find logarithm for secants and cosecants - 167
    Logarithmic trigonometrical tables - 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175
    Solution of right angle triangles - 176, 177
    Solution of oblique angle triangles - 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183
    Problems in geometrical drawings - 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190
    Cycloids - 190, 191
    Involute - 192
    Conical sections - 192
Mensuration - 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212
    The difference between one square foot and one foot square - 193
    Area of triangles - 193, 194
    To find the height in any triangle - 195
    Area of Parallelograms - 196
    Area of Trapezoid - 196
    Area of a circle - 196, 197
    To change a circle into a square of the same area - 197
    To find the side of the largest square which can be inscribed in a circle - 197
    To find the area of any irregular figure - 197, 198
    To find the area of a sector of a circle - 198
    To find the length of an arc of a segment of a circle - 199
    To find the area of a segment of a circle - 199, 200
    To find the radius corresponding to the arc when the chord and the height of the segment are given - 200
    Table of areas of segments of a circle - 201
    To calculate the number of gallons of oil in a tank - 202
    Circular lune - 202
    Circular zone - 202, 203
    To compute the volume of a segment of a sphere - 203
    To find the volume of a spherical segment when the height of the segment and the diameter of the sphere are known - 203
    To find the surface of a cylinder - 203
    To find the volume of a cylinder - 204
    To find the solid contents of a cylinder - 204
    To find the area of the curved surface of a cone - 204, 205
    To find the volume of a cone - 205
    To find the area of the curved surface of a frustum of a cone - 205
    To find the volume of a frustum of a cone - 206
    To find the area of the slanted surface of a pyramid - 206
    To find the total area of the surface of a pyramid - 206
    To find the volume of a pyramid - 206
    To find the area of the slanted surface of a frustum of a pyramid - 207
    To find the total area of a frustum of a pyramid - 207
    To compute the volume of a frustum of a pyramid - 207
    To find the surface of a sphere - 207
    To find the volume of a sphere - 208
    To compute the diameter of a sphere when the volume is known - 208
    To compute the circumference of an ellipse - 208
    To compute the area of an ellipse - 208
    Table giving circumferences and areas of circles - 209, 210, 211, 212
Strength of Materials - 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275
    Tensile strength - 213
    Modulus of elasticity - 213, 214
    Strength of wrought iron - 214
    Strength of cast iron - 214, 215
    Elongation under tension - 215
    Table of modulus of elasticity and ultimate tensile strength of various materials - 216
    Formulas for tensile strength - 216, 217, 218
    To find the diameter of a bolt to resist a given load - 218, 219
    To find the thickness of a cylinder to resist a given pressure - 219, 220
    Strength of flat cylinder heads - 220
    Strength of dished cylinder heads - 220, 221
    Strength of a hollow sphere exposed to internal pressure - 221
    Strength of chains - 222
    Strength of wire rope - 222
    Strength of manila rope - 222
    Crushing strength - 223, 224, 225
    Table of modulus of elasticity and ultimate crushing strength of various materials - 223
    Table of safe load on Pillars - 226, 227, 228
    Hollow cast-iron pillars - 228
    Weight of cast-iron pillars - 228
    Table of safe load on round cast iron pillars - 229, 230
    Wrought iron pillars - 231
    Table of safe load in tons on square pine or spruce posts - 231, 232
    Transverse strength - 233, 234, 235
    Formulas for calculating transverse strength of beams - 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242
    To find the transverse strength of beams when their section is not uniform throughout the whole length - 243, 244, 245
    Square and rectangular wooden beams - 245, 246, 247
    To calculate the size of beam to carry a given load - 247, 248
    To find the size of a beam to carry a given load when also the weight of the beam is to be considered - 248, 249
    Crushing and shearing load of beams crosswise on the fiber - 250
    Round wooden beams - 251
    To calculate the size of round beams to carry a given load when span is given - 251, 252
    Load concentrated at any point not at the center of the beam - 252, 253
    Beams loaded at several points - 253, 254
    To figure sizes of beams when placed in an inclined position - 254
    Deflection in beams when loaded transversely - 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261
    To calculate deflection in beams under different modes of support and load - 261, 262, 263
    To find suitable size of beam for a given limit of deflection - 263, 264
    To find the constant for deflection - 264
    Modulus of elasticity calculated from the transverse deflection in a beam - 265
    Allowable deflection - 266
    Torsional strength - 266, 267, 268, 269
    Hollow round shafts - 270
    Square beams exposed to torsional stress - 270, 271
    Torsional deflection - 271
    Formula for torsional deflection in hollow round shafts - 271, 272
    Shearing strength - 272, 273
    Factor of safety - 274
    Notes on strength of materials - 274, 275
Mechanics - 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325
    Newton’s laws of motion - 276
    Gravity - 276
    Acceleration due to gravity - 276, 277
    Velocity - 277
    Height of fall - 277, 278
    Time - 278
    Distance a body drops during the last second - 278
    Table of time velocity and height of fall - 279
    Upward motion - 279
    Body projected at an angle - 279, 280, 281, 282, 283
    Motion down an inclined plane - 283
    Body projected in a horizontal direction from an elevated place - 284
    To calculate the speed of a bursted fly-wheel from the distance the fragments are thrown - 284, 285
    Force, energy and power - 285
    Inertia - 285
    Mass - 286
    Momentum - 286
    Impulse - 286
    Kinetic energy - 287, 288
    To calculate the force of a blow - 288
    Formulas for force, acceleration and motion - 288, 289, 290, 291, 292
    Centers - 292
    Moments - 292
    Levers - 292, 293
    Radius of gyration - 293
    Moment of inertia - 293, 294, 295, 296
    Polar moment of inertia - 297, 298
    Angular velocity - 299, 300, 301, 302
    Centrifugal force - 302, 303
    Friction - 303
    Coefficient of friction - 304
    Rolling friction - 304
    Axle friction - 305
    Horse-power absorbed by friction in bearings - 305
    Angle of friction - 306
    Rules for friction - 306
    Table of coefficient of friction - 306
    Friction in machinery - 306
    Pulley blocks - 307
    Friction in pulley blocks - 307, 308
    Differential pulley blocks - 308
    Inclined plane - 308, 309, 310, 311
    Screws - 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316
    The parallelogram of forces - 316
    Horse-power - 317
    To calculate the horse-power of a steam engine - 317
    To calculate the horse-power of a compound or triple expansion engine - 317
    To judge approximately the horse-power which may be developed by any common single cylinder engine - 318
    Horse-power of waterfalls - 318
    Animal power - 318
    Hauling a load - 318
    Power of man - 319
    Power required to drive various kinds of machinery - 319
    Speed of machinery - 320, 321
    Calculating sizes of pulleys - 321, 322
    To calculate the speed of gearing - 322
    Efficiency of machinery - 322
    Crane hooks and chain links - 323
    Cranes - 324
    Proportions for a two-ton derrick - 324, 325
Belts - 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338
    Lacing belts - 327, 328
    Cementing belts - 328
    Length of belts - 329
    Horse-power transmitted by belting - 329, 330
    To calculate size of belt for given horse-power when diameter of pulleys and number of revolutions are known - 330, 331
    To calculate width of belt when pulleys are of unequal diameter - 331, 332
    To find the arc of contact of a belt - 332, 333
    Pressure on the bearings caused by the belt - 333, 334, 335
    Special arrangement of belts - 335, 336
    Crossed belts - 336
    Quarter-turn belts - 336
    Angle belts - 337
    Slipping of belts - 337
    Tighteners on belts - 337
    Velocity of belts - 337
    Oiling of belts - 338
Rope Transmission - 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347
    Transmission capacity of wire ropes - 340, 341, 342
    Deflection in wire ropes - 342, 343, 344
    Transmission of power by manila ropes - 344, 345, 346
    Weight of manila rope - 346, 347
    Preservation of manila rope - 347
Pulleys - 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356
    Stepped pulleys - 350, 351, 352, 353
    Stepped pulleys for back-geared lathes - 354, 355, 356
Fly Wheels - 356, 357, 358, 359, 360
    Weight of rim of a fly-wheel - 356, 357
    Centrifugal force in fly-wheel and pulleys - 357, 358, 359, 360
    Rules for calculating safe speed of fly-wheels - 360
    Rule for calculating safe diameter of fly-wheels - 360
Shafting - 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369
    Shaft not loaded at the middle between hangers - 361
    Transverse deflection in shafts - 361, 362
    Allowable deflection in shafts - 362, 363
    Torsional strength of shafting - 363, 364
    Torsional deflection in shafting - 364
    Classification of shafting - 365
    Horse-power transmitted by shafting - 365, 366
    Distance between bearings - 367
    Shafts for idlers - 367, 368
    Proportions of keys - 368
    Dimensions of couplings - 369
Bearings - 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374
    Area of bearing surface - 369
    Allowable pressure in bearings - 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374
Gear Teeth - 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416
    Circular pitch - 375
    To calculate diameter of gear according to circular pitch - 375
    Table of pitch diameter of gears - 376
    To calculate diameter of gears when distance between centers and ratio of speed is given - 376, 377
    Diametral pitch - 377, 378, 379, 380
    To calculate the number of teeth when distance between centers and ratio of speed is given - 381, 382
    Cycloid teeth - 382, 383, 384, 385, 386
    Involute teeth - 387, 388
    Approximate construction of involute teeth - 388, 389, 390, 391
    Internal gears with involute teeth - 391
    Chordal pitch - 391, 392, 393
    Rim, arms and hub of spur gears - 393, 394, 395, 396, 397
    Width of gear wheels - 397
    Bevel gears - 397, 398, 399, 400, 401
    Cutting bevel gears - 401, 402, 403
    Worms and worm gears - 403, 404, 405, 406
    Calculating the size of worm gears - 406, 407, 408
    Elliptical gear wheels - 408
    Strength of gear teeth - 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416
Screws - 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439
    Pitch, inch pitch and lead of screws and worms - 417
    Screw cutting by the engine lathe - 417
    Cutting multiple-threaded screws and nuts by the engine lathe - 417, 418
    U. S. Standard screws - 418, 419
    Diameter of screw at bottom of thread - 419, 420
    Diameter of tap drill - 420
    Dimensions of U. S. standard screws - 421, 422
    Coupling bolts - 422
    Fillister head screws - 422
    Dimensions of hexagon and square head cap screws - 423
    Wood screws and machine screws - 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433
    International standard metric screw threads - 433, 434, 435, 436
    To gear a lathe to cut metric thread when the lead screw is in inches - 436
    To calculate the change gear wihen cutting metric screws by an English lead-screw - 436, 437
    Rivets, nails, eyebolts - 438
    Lag screws - 439
Pipes - 440, 441, 442
    Wrought iron pipes - 440, 441
    Brass and copper tubes - 441, 442
    Boiler tubes - 442
    Cold drawn steel tubing - 442
Notes on Hydraulics - 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449
    Pressure of fluid in a vessel - 443
    Velocity of efflux - 443, 444
    Velocity of water in pipes - 445, 446
    Quantity of water discharged through pipes - 447
    Notes on water - 448, 449
Notes on Steam - 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461
    Properties of saturated steam - 451, 452
    Steam heating - 453, 454
    Value of high and low pressure steam for heating purposes - 454
    Hot water heating in dwelling houses - 454
    Quantity of water required to make any quantity of steam at any pressure - 454, 455
    Weight of water required to condense one pound of steam - 455, 456
    Weight of steam required to boil water - 456, 457
    Expansion of steam in a steam engine - 457, 458, 459
    Thermometers - 460, 461
Notes on Copper Wire - 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467
    Weight and resistance of copper wire - 464, 465
    Sizes of cotton covered copper wire - 466
    Enameled copper wire - 466
    Carrying capacity of copper wire - 466, 467
Notes on Electrical Terms - 468, 469, 470, 471, 472
    Volt - 468
    Ampere - 468
    Coulomb - 469
    Ohm - 469
    Watt - 469, 470
    Joule - 470, 471
    Farad - 471
    Henry - 471
    Derived units - 471, 472
Shop Notes - 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480
    Standard sizes of American machinery catalogues - 473
    Shrink fit - 473
    Press fit - 473
    Running fit - 474
    Babbitt metal - 474
    Helical springs - 474
    Emery, emery cloth, sandpaper - 474
    Weight of a grindstone - 475
    Lathe centers, lathe mandrels - 475
    Common sizes of steel for lathes and planer tools - 475
    Angles and corresponding taper per foot - 475
    Taper per foot and corresponding angles - 476
    Morse taper - 476
    Jarno taper - 476, 477
    Marking solution - 477
    A cheap lubricant for milling and drilling - 477
    Soda water for drilling - 477
    Solder - 477
    Soldering fluids - 478
    Spelter - 478
    Alloy which expands in cooling - 478
    Shrinkage of castings - 478, 479
    Case hardening wrought iron and soft steel - 479
    Case hardening boxes - 479
    To harden with cyanide of potassium - 480
Blue Printing - 480
    To prepare blue print paper - 480
    Blue print frame - 480
    Blue printing - 480
Index - 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487
    Acceleration ... - 481
    Case ... - 482
    Force ... - 483
    Interest ... - 484
    Parallelogram ... - 485
    Screws ... - 486
    Taper ... - 487

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