Harvard Studies, Vol. VIII. "5 centuries and from some lines of Sappho. The author goes on to consider a series of grave reliefs, all of which were found in the neighbourhood of Sparta (sixth century B. C. — second century B. C.). These steles are plainly of the religious type, and Norton thinks it likely that the figures represented are Hades and Persephone. He does not think that these monuments were grave-steles strictly speaking, but rather a kind of «altar-reliefs» (this word not meaning that they were on altars, but that before them were made the vows and offerings to the dead). But this view he holds only as to the steles of the earliest type: the later Spartan steles are real grave-steles and represent, he thinks, the dead person. In the last part of his paper the author considers the Attic gravestones; he maintains that they as a rule represent the dead as he had appeared in lite, and that they are not, except in a few instances, scenes of the existence of the dead in the lower world. The last essay (p. 103—184) is an instructive discussion of «The Origin of Roman Praenomina» by George Davis Chase. It is well known that according to the original Indo-European name system each individual, man or woman, had a single name composed of two members (for instance Greek 4ημο-σϑένης); these names, as omens for virtue and prosperity, were usually compounded of words suggesting divine favour or good will or descriptive of the general conceptions of ideal men and women. We can easily recognize this system in most of the families of the Indo- European languages, as the author exemplifies p. 103— 107. It would not have been out οἵ the way to mention that the same system is evidenced even by the Thracian names (cp. the remarks of the present reviewer, above VII 71) Moreover it is proved that these compound names could be shortened according to certain rules; for instance Aúuwv is to be considered as a shortened form of any name containing δῆμο-ς as first or second element, In Latin there does not exist any survival of the compound name; for I quite agree with the author in his statement that the correspondence between Publicola and Δ ημόφιλος is illusory. This disappearance of the compound names is due to «the fundamental abhorrence of the Latin language for long compounds» (p. 108). But we might expect to find remnants of the shortened Indo-European names, and in order to settle this question the author has undertaken a study first of the Latin Cognomina and then of the Latin Gentilicia, classing them and discussing them in a very satisfactory manner and arriving at the conclusion that neither the cognomina nor the gentilicia have anything to do with the original Indo-European names. After this he takes up the Praenomina. The largest list that could be claimed as praenomina has a total of 64 names, A good many of these are native in sections of Italy outside of Latium; some of the