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105
Temperatur i Overfladen, men paa nogle Steder, som paa
Island Færø-Ryggen og vestenfor Beeren Eiland og
Spidsbergen, ligger Temperaturens Maximum under Overfladen.
For at studere Temperaturens Fordeling i disse Lag
i de extreme Maaneder har jeg construeret Tversnittene
Pl. XXX og XXVI. Disse ere de samme som de paa
PI. IX til XIII med Undtagelse af de mindre Snit over
de norske Kystbanker. De ere betegnede med de
tilsvarende Nummere. De gaa fra Overfladen til 200 Favnes
Dyb. Stykket mellem 100 Favne og 200 Favne or
copie-ret efter Pl. IX til XIII. Det øverste af hvert Par Snit
Pl. XXX og XXVI viser Temperaturfordelingen i August,
det nederste i Marts. Overfladetemperaturerne ere afsatte
efter Karterne PI. XXVII og PI. XXVIII. Desuden er for
August benyttet til Vejledning for Trækningen af
Isother-merne Temperaturrækkerne Pl. III til VIII. der ere tagne
om Sommeren. For Marts Maaneds Vedkommende er der
taget Hensyn til. at Temperaturen ifølge vore Sælfangeres
Iagttagelser voxer raskere med Dybden i de øvre end i de
dybere Lag.
Af disse Tversnit fremgaar, at Temperaturen i August
overalt er højest i Overfladen og i Havet synker stadigt
med Dybden. Under Kysterne lindes flere Steder de
ovenfor beskrevne Temperaturminima i Dybder mellem
Overfladen og 100 Favne (Tversnittene XV, XXIII), og
ved Spidsborgens Sydkap ligger Maximum under
Overfladen. Her driver jevnlig om Sommeren Is sydover fra
Storfjorden. I det norske Hav, navnlig i dets sydlige og
østlige Del, ligge Sommerens Isothermer meget tæt i de
øverste Lag.
I Marts derimod so vi, at Regelen er den, at
Overfladen er koldere end Vandet i 100 Favnes Dyb.
Temperaturen voxer i de mellemliggende Lag med Dybdon. De
eneste Undtagelser herfra findes under den 63. Breddegrad
(Tversnit VIII) udenfor Norgos Kyst, hvor Temperaturen
er 7° gjennem hele Laget, og i Østhavet mellem Vardø og
Novaja Semlja (Tversnit XXVII), hvor Havet er
forholdsvis grundt, og det iskolde Vand ligger forholdsvis nær
Overfladen.
Med faa Ord kan Forholdene beskrives saaledes.
Om Sommeren ligne Isothermobatherne en Bue, der
vender sin hule Side opad. Om Vinteren lukker denne Bue
sig fra Siderne — Kysterne, Grønlandsisen — af sammen
oventil og danner en langstrakt Oval, der omslutter den
højeste Varmegrad i omkring 100 Favnes Dyb. Dot or
Vinter-Kulden fra Atmosfæren, der lægger sig ud over
Havet, i sterkest Grad ved Kysterne og’i de koldere
arktiske Egne, i svagest Grad over Havets og Luftens Varme-
Uen norsk’ö Nordhavsexpoditioii. II. Mohn: Nordhavets Dybder, T
Pis. IX to XV. As a rule, the highest temperature occurs
at the surface; but in some localities, as, for example, on
the Iceland-Færoe Ridge and west of Beeren Eiland and
Spitzbergen. the maximum of temperature is found beneath
the surface.
With a view to study the distribution of temperature
throughout these strata in the two extreme months of the
year, I constructed the tranvorso sections Pis. XXX and
XXVI. These are the same as those in Pis. IX to XIIT.
except the minor sections crossing the Norway coastal
banks. They are indicated by the corresponding numbers,
and extend from the surface to a depth of 200 fathoms.
The part between 100 and 200 fathoms is copied from Pis.
IX to XIII. The upper of each pair of sections, Pis.
XXX and XXVI, exhibits the distribution of temperature
in August, the lower that in March. The
surface-temperatures are marked off from the maps, Pis. XXVII and
XXVIII. Moreover, for August, to assist in drawing the
isotherms, I have made use of the serial temperatures.
Pis. Ill to VIII. taken during the summer months.
Concerning March, regard has been had to the
observation of our sealers, that temperature increases more rapidly
with depth in the upper than in the lower strata.
From these transverse sections, it appears that the
temperature in August is everywhere highest at the surface,
sinking, out at sea, steadily with the depth. In close
proximity to the coasts, the above-described
temperature-minima occur at several places between the surface and
a depth of 100 fathoms (Tranvorso Sections XV, XXIII);
and at South Capo, Spitzbergen, the maximum lies beneath
the surface. Here, ice is found continually drifting during
summer from the Storfjord southwards. In the
Norwegian Sea, more particularly throughout its southern and
eastern parts, the summer-isotherms lie exceedingly close
throughout the uppermost strata.
During the month of March, on the other hand, we
see that, as a rule, the water at the surface is colder than at
a depth of 100 fathoms. The temperature increases
throughout the intermediate strata with the depth. The only
exceptions are found on the 63rd parallel of latitude (Tranverse
Section VIII), ofl’ the coast of Norway, where the
temperature is 7° throughout the whole stratum, and in the
Barents Sea. between Vardø and Novaja Semlja
(Transverse Section XXVII), where the water is comparatively
shallow, and the ice-cold rstratum lies comparatively near
the surface.
To be brief, the general distribution of temperature
may be described as follows. During summer, the
isother-mobaths take the form of an arcuate curve, with the
concave side upwards. During winter, this curve is found to bend
over at the sides — the coasts, the Greenland ice — forming
an elongated oval, which encloses the highest temperature
at a depth of about 100 fathoms. It is the winter-cold
from the atmosphere, that spreads out over the sea, acting
most forcibly off the coasts and in the colder Arctic regions,
råtur og Strømninger. 14
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