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104
Hertil kommer den ved Beregningen med Factoren f indforte
Usikkerhed, der beløber sig til + 0°.13, og Kartets midlere
Usikkerhed bliver saaledes + 0°.28. Om Nøjagtigheden
paa de Strækninger, hvor Marts-Observationer mangle,
tør jeg ikke udtale nogen begrundet Dom. Usikkerheden
tør nok paa sine Steder overstige en Grad.
Fordelingen af Havoverfladens aarlige
Middeltemperatur er tidligere beskrevet (Side 71 fg.). Sammenligner
man Karterne for August og for Marts med Aarskartet,
vise de samme Tungoformer hos Isothermerne sig paa samme
Steder i alle tre Karter, undtagen i August udenfor
Norges Kyst. Her er Tungernes Axe saaatsige kastet ind
paa Land, Isothermerne stige skraat opad mod Kysten
uden at bøje om; kun Tungernes vestre Halvdel ligger Over
Havet. Aarets Temperatur-Fordeling ligner mest Vinterens,
der bliver den Aarstid, som behersker Havoverfladens Klima.
Kartet Pl. XXIX viser Storreisen og Fordelingen
af Havtemperaturens aarlige Variation fra August til Marts
i Overfladen. Dette Kart er construeret directe efter
Temperaturkarterne tor de nævnte Maaneder. Den aarlige
Variation er størst i Skagerak og den østlige Del af
Nordsøen. dernæst ved Norges Vestkyst. Her er baade
Sommervarmen og Vinterkulden i Atmosfæren virkende til at
bringe Variationen op til en større Højde. Herfra aftager
dens Størrelse raskt og jevnt ud mod det norske Hav.
hvor den kun frembyder mindre Afvexlinger. Et Maximum
pau over 0° viser sig paa Strekningen mellem .Tan Mayen og
Beereii-Eiland, del’ maaske er det Parti, hvor Isgiauidsens
Beliggenhed varierer mest i Aarest Lob. og hvor, som Tversnit
XVII, Pl. XII, viser, der om Sommeren er en sterk Contrast
mellem Temperaturen i Overfladen og i 40 Favnes Dyb. En
lidt større Indflydelse fra Dybet vilde let udslette dette
Maximum af aarlig Variation. Et andet Maximum findes
i Nordost for Island. Dette lader sig ikke eliminere efter
de forhaandenværende Observationer. Maxima komme
frem ogsaa udenfor Nordvest-Spidsbergen, vestenfor Island
og mellem Færøerne og Shetland. Mindre Minima af
aarlig Variation vise sig udenfor Islands Østkyst og i Vest
for Shetland. Hvor Isen dækker Havet hele Aaret, i
den vestlige Del af Grønlandshavet og mellem Spidsbergen
og Novaja Seinlja, gaar Havtemperaturens aarlige Variation
ned til 2°, et Tal, der betegner Afstanden mellem
Havvandets Frysepunkt, — 2°, og Isens Smeltepunkt- ved 0°.
9. Temperaturens Fordeling i de øvre Lag i Havet i
den varmeste og den koldeste Maaned.
Temperaturens midlere aarlige Fordeling i de ovre
Lag mellem Overfladen og 100 Favnes Dyb er fremstillet
i Tversnittene Pl. IX til XV. I Regelen ligger den højeste
the whole year will be + 0°.27. To this comes the uncertainty
introduced by the computation with the factor J\ amounting
to + 0°.13, and thus the mean error of the map becomes
+ 0°.28. Concerning the accuracy throughout the tracts
for which March-observations are wanting, I cannot venture
to express any definite opinion. The error may possibly in
some places reach upwards of a degree.
The distribution of the mean annual temperature of
the sea-surface has been previously described (p. 71). Now,
if we compare the maps for August and for March with
the map for the year, the tongues of the isotherms
assuming a similar shape will be found to occupy the same
places in all three maps, with the exception of August off
the coast of Norway. Here, the axis of the tongues is
cast in, as it were, upon the land; the isotherms rise up
obliquely towards the coast without any bend, and the left
half only of the tongues extends over the sea. The annual
distribution of temperature presents greatest resemblance
to that of winter — the season of year found to dominate
the climate of the sea-surlaco.
The ma]), Pl. XXIX, shows the amount and the
distribution of the annual range of the sea-temperature
from August to March at the surface. This map has been
constructed direct from the temperature-maps for the said
months. The annual range is greatest in the Skagerak
and the eastern part of the North Sea, next along the
West-Coast of Norway. Here, both the summer-heat and the
winter-cold in the atmosphere contribute to increase the
range. From this locality, the range diminishes rapidly and
gradually towards the Norwegian Sea, where it exhibits but.
minor variations. A maximum, reaching upwards of (>°, occurs
between JaU Mayen and Beeren Eiland — maybe the tract of
ocean where the ice-limit varies most in position throughout the
vear, and where, too. as shown by transverse section XVI I.
Pl. XII, a striking contrast prevails in summer between the
temperature at the surface and that at a depth of 40 fathoms.
A somewhat greater influence from the deep would easily
do away with this maximum of annual range. Another
maximum is found north-east of Iceland. This will not admit
of being eliminated with the observations at my command.
Maxima occur likewise off the north-west coast of
Spitsbergen, west of Iceland, and between the Færoes and
Slud-land. Minor minima of annual range occur off the east
coast of Iceland and west of Shetland. In localities where
ice covers the ocean the whole year round, vis., in the western
part of the Greenland Sea and between Spitsbergen and
Novaja Semlja, the annual range of sea-temper$Élre reaches only
2°. a figure indicating the difference between the
freezing-point of sea-water. —2°. and the melting-point of ice, it0.
9. Distribution of Temperature throughout the Upper
Strata of the Ocean during the Warmest and the
Coldest Month of the Year.
The mean annual distribution of temperature
throughout the upper strata between the surface and a depth
of 100 fathoms, is represented in tranverse sections
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