CO-OPERATION In Norway the first attempt at consumers’ co-operation was made as early as 1850. Some ten years later a fully organised consumers’ move- ment was started and met with a great response. In 1877 it comprised 275 societies with total sales of 8-2 million Kroner. Trade depression in the following years caused a serious setback to the movement; but this decline was arrested in the *nineties, and reorganisation began. In 1906 Norges Kooperative Landsforening (the Norwegian Nation- al Co-operative Federation) was formed as a cen- tral wholesale organisation for all local societies. This national federation and some of the local societies carry on an extensive productive activity, including baking, corn-milling, abattoirs, and the manufacture of tobacco, soap, margarine, boots and shoes, etc. The societies have also their own bank and insurance company. The Norwegian National Co-operative Federation had in 1933 460 societies with 124,177 members. 131