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70 GENERAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL.
If. therefore, an antigen of the corresponding immune serum be headed
to 56° (amboceptor) and mixed with sufficient amount of normal serum
(complement), then the complement is bound up so that when subsequently
serum-free red-blood corpuscles and a certain quantity of immune serum,
obtained by immunization with these and after losing its complement
by heating to 56°, are added, no solution of the red-blood corpuscles
(haemolysis) takes place. If in the first mixture either the antigen or the
corresponding amboceptors are absent then the complement is not
combined and a haemolysis occurs because the complement cannot unite
with the haemolytic amboceptors added. In this manner it has been
attempted to determine the presence of an antigen or of amboceptors
which fit with the antigen (method of complement deviation).
The protective substances formed by immunization can protect the
organism against many fatal doses of the antigen and this protective
power can be brought about by the parenteral introduction of the immune
serum of another organism. The immunity is called active when the
organism obtains the antigen and itself produces the corresponding
protective substance. On the contrary the immunity is called passive
if the organism receives the anti-body formed in another living being
by active immunization.
During immunization under certain circumstances it is observed
that a condition of super-sensitiveness toward the antigen exists. This
super-sensitiveness occurs only toward the antigen used and is therefore
specific. The same has been observed in using the soluble as well as the
formed antigens. This mysterious phenomenon has been called anaphyl-
axis.
V. IONS AND SALT ACTION.
We have previously mentioned various processes which depend upon
the influence of ions. To these belong the precipitation of suspension
colloids by electrolytes as well as different catalytic processes. That
in the last case we are dealing with the action of ions is proven by the
fact that the velocity coefficient is proportional to the concentration
of a certain kind of ion. Nevertheless it has been shown, that the
velocity coefficient in the inversion of cane-sugar, by acid, is only propor-
tional to the H ions when dilute acids are used. With greater concen-
tration disturbances occur which can be ascribed to the action of the
negative ions of the acids. The catalytic processes can be influenced
by salts in a similar manner (salt action).
The enzyme action has shown itself proportional to the quantity of enzyme
in certain cases. Euler ’ has attempted to show a correspondence between ion-
1
Zeitsehr. f. physik. Chem., 36, G41 (1901).
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