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RED BLOOD-CORPUSCLES. 273
anything positive for the present in regard to a more detailed arrange-
ment, and the views on this subject are somewhat divergent. The two
following views are more or less related to each other. According to
one view the blood-corpuscles consist of a membrane which encloses a
haemoglobin solution, while the other view considers the stroma as a proto-
plasmic structure soaked with haemoglobin. This latter view is in accord
with the assumption as to an outside boundary-layer. Thus accord-
ing to Hamburger the stroma forms a protoplasmic net in whose meshes
there exists a red fluid or semi-fluid mass which consists in great meas-
ure of haemoglobin. This mass represents the water-attracting force
of the blood-corpuscles, and besides this it is also considered that the
outer protoplasmic boundary is semi-permeable, i. e., permeable to water
but not permeable to certain crystalloids. The researches of Koppe,
Albrecht, Pascucci, Rywosch,1
and others indicate the presence of a
special envelope or boundary-layer, and there is no doubt that the outer
layer contains so-called lipoids, such as cholesterin, lecithin, and similar
bodies.
The red blood-corpuscles retain their volume in a salt solution which
has the same osmotic pressure as the serum of the same blood, although
they may change their form in such solutions, becoming more spherical,
and may also undergo a chemical change. Such a salt solution is iso-
tonic with the blood-serum, and its concentration for a NaCl solution is
approximately 9 p. m. for human and mammalian blood. A solution
of greater concentration, a hyperisotonic solution, abstracts water from
the blood-corpuscles until osmotic equilibrium is established, hence the
corpuscles shrink and their volumes become smaller. In solutions of
less concentration, hypisotonic solutions, the corpuscles swell, due to
the taking up of water, and this swelling may be so great, on diluting
the blood with water, that the haemoglobin is separated from the stroma
and passes into the watery solution. This process is called haemolysis
(see Chapter I).
A haemolysis may also be brought about by alternately freezing and
thawing the blood, as well as by the action of various chemical substances,
which act as protoplasmic poisons. These bodies are ether, chloroform
alkalies, bile-acids, solanin, saponin, and also the saponin substances,
which have a very strong haemoloytic action, also metabolic products of
bacteria, higher plants and animals (snakes, toads, bees, spiders and
others) and also bodies occurring in blood serum of normal or immunized
animals.
x
See Hamburger, Osmotischer Druck und Ionenlehre, 1902; Koppe, Pfluger’s
Arch., 99 and 107; Albrecht, Centralbl. f. Physiol., 19; Pascucci, Hofmeister’s
Beitrage, 6; Rywosch, Centralbl. f. Physiol., 19.
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