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308 THE BLOOD.
also shown the presence of amylase (diastase), catalase, nuclease and per-
oxidase in the polynuclear leucocytes.
The blood-plates (Bizzozero), hsematoblasts (Hayem), whose nature,
preformed occurrence, and physiological importance have been much
questioned, are pale, colorless, gummy disks, round or somewhat oval
in shape, generally with a diameter one-half or one-third that of the
blood-corpuscles. In mammalia their number, according to Aynaud,
is on an average 500,000 in 1 c.mm. They change their shape readily,
attack foreign bodies and agglutinate under conditions which Aynaud
has carefully studied. Human blood-plates consist, according to Deetjen,1
of a nucleus and a hyaline protoplasm. They are very sensitive toward
alkalies and much more so than the plates from other mammalia. They
are destroyed in a concentration of hydroxyl ions, CoH = i XlO~5
and
in a concentration of H ions, CH = 2X10
-4
.
According to the researches of Kossel and of Lilienfeld 2
the blood-
plates consist of a chemical combination between protein and nuclein,
and hence they are also called nuclein-plates by Lilienfeld, and are
considered as derivatives of the cell nucleus. It seems certain that the
blood-plates have some connection with the coagulation of blood. The
views on this question, especially in regard to the manner in which these
plates act in coagulation, are unfortunately very divergent.
HI. THE BLOOD AS A MLXTURE OF PLASMA AND BLOOD-CORPUSCLES.
The blood in itself is a thick, sticky, light or dark red liquid, opaque
even in thin layers, having a salty taste and a faint odor differing in
different kinds of animals. On the addition of sulphuric acid to the
blood the odor is more pronounced. In adult human beings the specific
gravity ranges between 1.045 and 1.075. It has an average of 1.058
for grown men and a little less for women. Lloyd Jones found that the
specific gravity is highest at birth and lowest in children until about
two years old, and in pregnant women. The determinations of Lloyd
Jones, Hammerschlag,3 and others show that the variation of the specific
gravity, dependent upon age and sex, corresponds to the variation in
the quantity of haemoglobin.
The determination of the specific gravity is accurately obtained
1
Aynaud, Maly’s Jahresb., 39; Deetjen, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 63.
2
In regard to the literature of the blood-plates, see Lilienfeld, Arch. f. (Anat. u.)
Physiol.. 1892, and "Leukocyten und Blutgerrinnung," Verhandl. d. physiol. Gesellsch.
zu Berlin, 1892; and also Mosen, Arch. f. (Anat. u.) Physiol., 1893, and Maly’s Jahres-
ber., 30 and 31.
3
Lloyd Jones, Journ. of Physiol., 8; Hammerschlag, Wien. klin. Wochenschrift,
1880, and Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 20.
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