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33i THE BLOOD.
urea in normal blood. The quantity of urea is somewhat increased in
fever, and in general in augmented protein metabolism the increased
urea formation is dependent upon this. A more important increase in the
quantity of urea in the blood occurs in a retarded elimination of urea,
as in cholera, also in cholera infantum, and in infections of the kidneys
and urinary passages. After ligaturing the ureters or after extirpation
of the kidneys of animals, an accumulation of urea takes place in the
blood.
v. Schroder first showed that the blood of the shark was very rich
in urea, and the quantity indeed amounted to 26 p. m. Baglioni l
has recently shown that this large quantity of urea is of the greatest
importance, as the presence of urea in these animals is a necessary life-
condition for the heart and very probably for all organs and tissues.
The blood also contains traces of ammonia. According to Horodyn-
ski, Salaskin, and Zaleski,2
the quantity in arterial dog-blood was
0.41 milligram in 100 grams of blood. According to Winterberg,3
the
blood from healthy persons contains on an average 0.90 milligram per
100 cc.3
The quantity of uric acid may be 0.1 p. m. in bird’s
blood (v. Schroder 4
). Uric acid has only recently been positively
detected under normal conditions, while it has been found, earlier,
in the blood in gout, croupous pneumonia, and certain other diseased
conditions. Folin and Denis 5
have determined the uric acid in the
blood of certain animals as well as in man by a colorimetric method
suggested by Folin. Normal human blood contains not less than 1
to 2-2.5 milligrams uric acid per 100 grm.; in gout they found 5.5
milligrams as maximum. They also determined the quantity of total
non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen in human blood. In normal
blood the first was equal to 22-26 milligrams and the last equal to 11-13
( = 24-28 urea) milligrams in 100 grams of blood. In disease great varia-
tions were found. Lactic acid was first found in human blood by
Solomon and then by Gaglio, Berlinerblau, and Irisawa. The
quantity of lactic acid may vary considerably. Berlinerblau found
0.71 p. m. as maximum, in dog’s blood. Saito and Katsuyama 6
found
on an average 0.269 p. m. in hen’s blood, and after carbon-monoxide
poisoning the quantity increased to 1.227 p. m. Fat and fatty acids occur
1
v. Schroder, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 14; Baglioni, Centralbl. f. Physiol., 19.
2
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 35, which also gives the older literature.
3
Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1897, and Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 35.
4
Ludwig’s Festschrift, 1887.
6
Journ. of biol. Chem., 13 and 14.
8
Irisawa, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 17, which also gives the older literature;
Saito and Katsuyama, ibid., 32.
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