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356 CHYLE, LYMPH, TRANSUDATES AND EXUDATES.
urea nitrogen and amino-acid nitrogen in such fluids must, under these
circumstances, require further study.
The investigations upon the molecular concentration have shown
that no essential and constant difference exists between exudates and
transudates. The osmotic concentration and the concentration of the
electrolytes are as a rule the same as in blood-serum, although some-
times rather divergent results have been found. The concentration of
the electrolytes shows, according to Bodon, 1
like the blood-serum, much
less variation than the total concentration. The alkalinity determined
by titration is about the same in transudates and exudates, and is equal
to that of the blood-serum. The determination of the HO ion concen-
tration has shown that the transudates and exudates in this regard are
about as neutral as the blood-serum (Bodon).
As above stated, irrespective of the varying number of form-elements
contained in the different transudates, the quantity of protein is the most
characteristic chemical distinction in the composition of the various
transudates; therefore a quantitative analysis is of importance only
in so far as it considers the quantity of protein. On this account, in the
following, relative to the quantitative composition, stress will be put on
the quantity of protein.
Pericardial Fluid. The quantity of this fluid is, even under physio-
logical conditions, so large that a sufficient quantity for chemical inves-
tigation has been obtained (from persons who had been executed). This
fluid is lemon-yellow in color, somewhat sticky, and yields more fibrin
than other transudates. The amount of solids, according to the analyses
performed by v. Gorup-Besanez, Wachsmuth, and Hoppe-Seyler,2
is 37.5-44.9 p. m., and the amount of protein is’ 22.8-24.7 p. m. The
analysis made by Hammarsten of a fresh pericardial fluid from a young
man who had been executed yielded the following results, calculated in
1000 parts by weight.
Water 960.85
Solids 39.15
f
Fibrin 0.31
Proteins 28 . 60 Globulin .... 5 .95
(Albumin 22.34
Soluble salts 8.60 NaCl 7.28
Insoluble salts 0.15
Extractive bodies 2 . 00
Friend 3
found almost the same composition for a pericardial fluid
from a horse, with the exception that this liquid was relatively richer
1
Pflviger’s Arch., 104, where literature on this subject may be found.
2
v. Gorup-Besanez, Lehrbuch d. physiol Chem., 4. Aufl., 401; Wachsmuth, Vir-
chow’s Arch., 7; Hoppe-Seyler, Physiol. Chem., 605.
•Halliburton, Text-book of Chem. Physiol., etc., London, 1891.
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