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TRANSUDATES AND EXUDATES. 355
Pigeand l
have shown, the variation is in each case the same as in t he
blood-serum of the individual.
The specific gravity runs almost parallel with the quantity of protein.
The varying specific gravity has been suggested as a means of differentia-
tion between transudates and exudates by Reuss,2
as the first often show
a specific gravity below 1015-1010, while the others have a specific gravity
of 1018 or above. This rule holds good in many, but not in all cases.
The gases of the transudates consist of carbon dioxide besides small
amounts of nitrogen and traces of oxygen. The tension of the carbon
dioxide is greater in the transudates than in the blood. When mixed
with pus, the amount of carbon dioxide is decreased.
The extractives are, as above stated, the same as in the blood-plasma.
Urea seems to occur in very variable amounts. Sugar also occurs in
transudates, but it is not known to what extent the reducing power is
due to other bodies, as in blood-serum. A reducing, non-fermentable
substance has been found by Pickardt in transudates. The sugar is
generally glucose, but fructose seems to have been found 3
in several
cases. Sarcolactic acid has been found by C. Kulz in the pericardial
fluid from oxen. Succinic acid has been found in a few cases in hydrocele
fluids, while in other cases it is entirely absent. Leucine and tyrosine
have been found in transudates from diseased livers and pus-like trans-
udates which have undergone decomposition, and after autolysis. Among
other extractives found in transudates must be mentioned allantoin
(Moscatelli 4
), uric acid, purine bases, creatine, inosite, and pyrocate-
chin (?).
The division of the nitrogenous substances in human transudates
and exudates has so far been little studied. Otori found that no
essential difference exists between serous exudates and transudates in
regard to the quantity of urea and amino-acids. The amount of total
nitrogen and proteins runs parallel with the specific gravity, and the
same is generally true for the absolute values for ammonia nitrogen and
purine nitrogen. According to the investigations of Czernecki,5
in
pathological puncture fluids, also oxyproteic acids (see Chapter XIV
on the urine) occur and which represent 13.3—25.9 per cent of the total
nitrogen of the protein free filtrate. The question as to the amount of
1
Joachim, 1. c; Hoffmann, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 16; Pigeand, see Maly’s
Jahresber., 16.
2
Reuss, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 28. See also Otto, Zeitschr. f. Heilkunde, 17.
8
Pickardt, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1897. See also Rotmann, Munch, med. Woch-
enschr., 1898; Neuberg and Strauss, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 36; Sittig, Bioch.
Zeitschr. 21.
4
C. Kulz, Zeitschr. f. Biologie, 32; Moscatelli, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem. 13.
6
Otori, Zeitschr. f. Heilk. 25; Czernecki, Maly’s Jahresb., 39.
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