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434 THE LIVER.
eggs, in the urine in icterus, and sometimes in gall-stones, although in
very small quantities.
Biliverdin is amorphous; at least it has not been obtained in well-
defined crystals. It is insoluble in water, ether, and chloroform (this is
true at least for the artificially prepared biliverdin) but is soluble in
alcohol or glacial acetic acid, showing a beautiful green color. It is dis-
solved by alkalies, giving a brownish-green color, and this solution is
precipitated by acids, as well as by calcium, barium, and lead salts.
Biliverdin gives Huppert’s, Gmelin’s, and Hammarsten’s reactions,
commencing with the blue color. It is converted into hydrobilirubin
by nascent hydrogen. On allowing the green bile to stand, also by the
action of ammonium sulphide, the biliverdin may be reduced to bilirubin
(Haycraft and Scofield *).
Biliverdin is most simply prepared by allowing a thin layer of an
alkaline solution of bilirubin to stand exposed to the air in a dish until
the color is brownish-green. The solution is then precipitated by hydro-
chloric acid, the precipitate washed with water until no HC1 reaction
is obtained, then dissolved in alcohol and the pigment again separated by
the addition of water. Any contaminating bilirubin may be removed
by means of chloroform. Kuster has shown that the biliverdin is only
formed by the oxygen of the air from bilirubin under certain conditions:
The presence of 2 molecules caustic alkali with the addition of water so
that the solution contains 0.2 per cent and, a temperature not above 5° C.
Hugounenq and Doyon 2
prepared biliverdin from bilirubin by the
action of sodium peroxide and a little hydrochloric acid.
Choleprasin is a green pigment isolated by Kuster 3
from gall-stones,, which
is soluble in glacial acetic acid but insoluble in alcohol. It differs from the other
bile-pigments by containing sulphur. On distillation with zinc powder it gives,
the pyrrol reaction, and on oxidation with chromic acid, Kuster could not
observe any formation of hsematinic acid.
Bilifuscin, so named by Stadeler, 4
is an amorphous brown pigment soluble
in alcohol and alkalies, almost insoluble in water and ether, and soluble with great
difficulty in chloroform (when bilirubin is not present at the same time). Pure
bilifuscin does not give Gmelin’s reaction. This is also true for the bilifuscin
prepared by v. Zumbusch, 5
which is more like a humin substance, and the formula
of which is, Cc^H^NyOu. Bilifuscin has been found in gall-stones. Biliprasin
is a green pigment prepared by Stadeler from gall-stones, and is generally con-
sidered as a mixture of biliverdin and bilirubin. Dastre and Floresco,6
on the
1
Centralbl. f. Physiol., 3, 222, and Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 14.
2
Hugounenq et Doyon, Arch, de Phyisol. (5), 8; Kuster, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem.,,
59.
’Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 47.
4
Cited from Hoppe-Seyler, Physiol, u. Path. chem. Analyse, 6. Aufl., p. 225.
6
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 31.
•Arch, de Physiol. (5), 9.
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