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SPECIAL BILE PIGMENTS. 435
contrary, consider biliprasin as an intermediate step between bilirubin and bili-
verdin. According to them it occurs as a physiologica] pigmenl in the bladder-
bile of several animals, and is derived from bilirubin by oxidation. Thia oxida-
tion is brought about by an oxidative ferment existing in the bile. Bilihumin
is the name given by Stadeler to that brownish amorphous residue which is left
after extracting gall-stones, with chloroform alcohol, and ether. It does not
give Gmelin’s test. Bilicyani/i is also found in human gall-stones (Heinsics and
Campbell). Cholohcematin, so-called by MacMunn, is a pigment often occurring
in sheep- and ox-bile and characterized by four absorption-bands, which is
formed from hsematin by the action of sodium amalgam. In the dried condition,
as when obtained by the evaporation of the chloroform solution, it is green, and in
alcoholic solution olive-brown. This pigment, which has also been found by
Hammarsten in the bile from the musk-ox and hippopotamus, is, according to
Marchlewski, identical with the crystalline bilipurvurin isolated by Loebisch
and Fischler from ox-bile. This latter pigment, according to Marchlewski,
is not a bile-pigment, but phjlloerythrin, a transformation product of chlorophyll.
1 hvlloervthrin has been detected by Marchlewski l
in the excrement of cows
fed on green grass.
Gmelin’s and Huppert’s reactions are generally used to detect the
presence of bile-pigments in animal fluids or tissues. The first, as a rule,
can be performed directly, and the presence of proteins does not interfere
with it, but, on the contrary, it brings out the play of colors more strik-
ingly. If blood-coloring matters are present at the same time, the bile-
coloring matters are first precipitated by the addition of sodium phos-
phate and milk of lime. This precipitate containing the bile-pigments
may be used directly in Huppert’s reaction, or a little of the precipitate
may be dissolved in Hammarsten’s reagent. Bilirubin is detected in
blood, according to Hedenius, by precipitating the proteins with alcohol,
filtering and acidifying the filtrate with hydrochloric or sulphuric acid,
and boiling. The liquid becomes of a greenish color. Serum and serous
fluids may be boiled directly with a little acid after the addition of alcohol.
According to Obermeyer and Popper 2
the alcoholic filtrate from the
protein precipitation can be tested with an alcoholic solution of iodine
or ferric chloride.
Besides the bile-acids and the bile-pigments, there occur in the bile
also cholesterin, lecithin, jecorin or other phosphatides (Hammarstex),
palmitin, stearin, olein, myristic acid (Lassar-Cohn3
), soaps, ethereal
sidphuric acids, conjugated glucuronates, diastatic and proteolytic enzymes,
oxidases and catalases. Choline, and glycerophosphoric acid, when they
are present, may be considered as decomposition products of lecithin.
Urea occurs, though only in traces, as a physiological constituent of human,
1
MacMunn, Journ. of Physiol., 6; Loebisch and Fischler, Wien. Sitzungsber., 112
(1903); Marchlewski, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 41, 43, and 45; Hammarsten, ibid.,
43, and investigations not published.
2
Hedenius Upsala Lakaref. Forh., 29 and Maly’s Jahresber., 24; Obermeyer and
Popper, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 60.
3
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 17; Hammarsten, ibid., 32, 36 and 43.
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