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COMPOSITION OF THE GAS1RIC JUICE. 465
secretion of juice. On the other hand Frouin 1
observed that the intro-
duction of saliva into the large stomach of dogs, acts favorably upon
the secretion in the small stomach (see page 462), and the acidity as well
as the digestive activity of the juice is increased. This action does not
depend, according to Frouin, upon the alkali of the saliva.
The Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of the Gastric Juice.
The human gastric juice, which can seldom be obtained pure and free
from residues of the food or from mucus and saliva, is a clear, or only
very faintly cloudy, and nearly colorless fluid of an insipifcl, acid taste
and strong acid reaction. It contains, as form-elements, glandular cells
or their nuclei, and more or less changed columnar epithelium.
The acid reaction of the gastric juice depends on the presence of free
acid, whith, as has been learned from the investigations of C. Schmidt,
Richet, and others, consists, when the gastric juice is pure and free
from particles of food, chiefly or in large part of hydrochloric acid. Con-
tejean 2
regularly found traces of lactic acid in the pure gastric juice
of fasting dogs. After partaking of food, especially after a meal rich in
carbohydrates, lactic acid occurs abundantly, and sometimes acetic
and butyric acids. In new-born dogs the acid of the stomach is lactic
acid, according to Gmelin.3
The quantity of free hydrochloric acid in
the gastric juice is, according to Pawlow and his pupils, in dogs 5-6
p. m., and in cats an average cf 5.20 p. m. HO. In man the results
obtained are variable but regularly much lower. Since it has been
possible to obtain pure human gastiic juice for investigation it has been
found (Umber, Hornborg, Bickel, Sommerfeld 4
) that the amount
of hydrochloric acid is about 4-5 p. m. There is hardly any doubt that
at least a part of the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice does not
exist free in the ordinary sense, but combined Avith organic substances.
The results obtained in testing for the acidity of gastric juice by phys-
ical methods are almost identical with those obtained by titration (P.
Franckel 5
).
The specific gravity of gastric juice is low, 1.001-1.010. It is corre-
spondingly poor in solids. Earlier analyses of gastric juice from man,
the dog, and the sheep were made by C. Schmidt.6
As these analyses
1
Compt. rend. soc. biol., 62.
2
Bidder and Schmidt, Die Verdauungssafte, etc., 44; Richet, 1. c; Contejean, Con-
tributions a l’etude de la physiol. de l’estomac, Theses, Paris, 1892.
3
Pfliiger’s Arch., 90 and 103.
4
See Richet, 1. c; Contejean, 1. c; Verhaegen, "La Cellule," 1896 and 1897;
Sommerfeld, Bioch, Zeitschr, 9, and also footnote 1, page 464, and the literature on
the estimation of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice contents (p. 489) ; see also
Cohnheim and Dreyfus, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem. 58 (1908).
5
Zeitschr, f. exp. Path. u. Therap., 1.
6
i. c.
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