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464 DIGESTION.
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum as well as from the liver and pancreas
by hydrochloric acid.
We know very little, positively, in regard to the gastric secretion in
man. According to the earlier authorities the irritants may be mechan-
ical, thermic, and chemical. Among the chemical excitants we include
alcohol and ether, which in too great a concentration bring about no
physiological secretion, but rather the transudation of a neutral or
faintly alkaline fluid. Certain acids, such as carbonic acid, neutral
salts, meat extracts, spices, and other bodies also belong to this group.
The reports on this subject are unfortunately very uncertain and con-
tradictory.
The question as to how far the observations made by PAWLOwand
his school can be applied to man is of special interest. Many observa-
tions on this question have been collected 1
and they compare favor-
ably with the observations made upon dogs. Thus in man a psychic
secretion of gastric juice can be brought about, and it has also fceen
observed that it can be stopped by emotions. As in dogs, so also in man,
after sham feeding, a secretion takes place after a pause, the duration
of which varies in different cases. In some cases, as in dogs after meat
feeding, the pause was about five minutes. The chewing of indifferent
bodies did not affect the glands, while bodies acting upon the organs of
smell and taste had an exciting action. Umber observed besides this, that
after the introduction of a nutritive enema into the rectum, a secretion
of gastric juice was produced by reflex action.
From these observations of Hornborg and Umber, as well as from
some earlier observations of Schule, Troller, Riegel, and Scheuer,2
we conclude that in man the psychic secretion is much less than that
produced by the introduction of food or bodies having a pleasant taste.
That the preparation of the food in the mouth has an essential influence
upon the secretion is proved without doubt, but we do not agree as to
how this action takes place. Certain experimenters consider the secreted
and swallowed saliva as the most essential factor in this action, while
others believe that the act of chewing, and still others that the chemical
action and the sense of taste, are the most important.
In regard to the action of saliva, Hemmeter finds that after the
extirpation of the salivary glands, the introduction into the stomach
of chewed food soaked with dog-saliva, has no special action upon the
1
Hornborg, Maly’s Jahresb., 33, 547; Umber, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1905;
Cade and Latarjet, Compt. rend. soe. biol., 57; Kaznelson, Pfliiger’s Arch., 118;
Bogen, ibid., 117; Bickel, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 32, and Maly’s Jahresb., 36,
411. See also Maly’s Jahresb. 39, 40, and Bioch, Centralbl. 12.
’The literature may be found in Umber’s v.ork, 1. c.
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