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CARNITINE. CARNINE. 577
tungstic acid, by mercuric nitrate and by silver nitrate with an excess of
barium hydrate. Carnosine-silver is soluble with difficulty in cold water
but readily soluble in hot water. Carnosine nitrate melts at 211-212° C.
Carnosine also gives a crystalline copper salt.
The principle in preparing this base consists in precipitat’ng with
phosphotungstic acid, separating the free base with barium hydrate,
conversion into the nitrate, precipitating with silver nitrate and barium
hydrate, decomposing the salt with H28 and conversion into nitrate.
From the latter, which is readily obtained as crystals, the base is precip-
itated by phosphotungstic acid and then set free by barium hydrate.
Carnitine, C7H15NO3 (or C;HiG X03 ), another base isolated by Gulewitsch
and Krimberg from meat extracts, has a strong alkaline reaction, is very
readily soluble in water, and was also found by Krimberg in fresh meat. Skworzow
found 0.19 p. m. carnitine in calf’s muscles. Carnitine according to Krimberg
is probably 7-trimethvl-/3-oxybutyrobetaine with the formula
X) CO
(CH3 ) : N\ !
. According to Engeland it is on the contrarv
\CH2—CH(OH)—CH2
a 7-trimethyl-o;-oxybutyrobetaine (CH3 ) 3 -N~ V T
.
CH2 CH2 CH(OH)—CO
according to Krimberg and Engeland 1
identical with novaine prepared by Kossel
from meat extracts. It gives crystalline double compounds with platinum, gold
and mercuric chlorides, among which the following, C7 Hi5 N032HgCl2, with a
melting-point of 196-197° C, is especially used in the isolation of the base.
The hydrochloride and the nitrate are readily soluble and the solution of the first
isla?vo-rotatory, about («) D = —21°.
The inosinic acid has been discussed in Chapter II. In close relation to this
stands probably the carnine.
Carnine, C7 H8 X iO ;i +H2 0, is one of the substances found by Weidel in American
meat extract. It has also been found by Krukenberg and Wagner in frog
muscles and in the flesh of fishes, and by Pouchet in the urine. Carnine is, accord-
ing to Haiser and Wenzel, 2
probably only an equimolecular mixture of hypo-
xanthine and the crystalline pentoside (hypoxanthin-riboside) inosine, which is
readily split by acid into hypoxanthine and pentose.
Carnine has been obtained as a white crystalline mass. It dissolves with
difficulty in cold water, but more readily in warm. It is insoluble in alcohol
and ether. It dissolves in warm hydrochloric acid and yields a salt crystallizing
in shining needles, which gives a double compound with platinum chloride. Its
watery solution is precipitated by silver nitrate, but this precipitate is dissolved
neither by ammonia nor by warm nitric acid. Its watery solution is precipitated
by basic lead acetate; but the lead compound may lie dissolved on boiling.
Phosphocarnic acid 3
is a complicated substance, first isolated by Siegfried
Gulewitsch and Krimberg, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem. 45; Krimberg, ibid.; 49,
50, 53 and 56, Ber. d. d. Chem. Gesellsch. 42; Engeland, ibid., 42; Skworzow, 1. c.
2
Weidel, Annal. d. Chem. u. Pharm., 158; Krunkenberg and Wagner, SUzungsber.
d. Wiirzb. phys.-med. Gesselsch., 1883; Pouchet, cite! from Neubauer-Huppert,
Analyse des Harnes, 10. Aufl., 335; Haiser and Wenzel, Monatsch. f. Chem., 29.
3
In regard to carnic acid and phosphocarnic acid, see the works of Siegfried, Arch,
f. (Anat. u.) Physiol., 1894, Ber. d. deutsch. chem. Gesellsch., 28, and Zeitschr. f.
physiol. Chem., 21 and 28; M. Miiller, ibid., 22; Kriiger, ibid., 22 and 28; Balke and
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