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582 MUSCLES.
ing of food. As stated’ in Chapter VII, work, starvation, and lack of
carbohydrates in the food cause the glycogen to disappear earlier from
the liver than from the muscles.
The sugar of the muscles, of which only traces occur in the living mus-
cle, and which is probably formed after the death of the muscle from
the muscle-glycogen, is, according to the investigations of Panormoff, in
part glucose, but consists principally of maltose (Osborne and Zobel l
)
with some dextrin.
Lactic Acids. Of the oxypropionic acids with the formula C3H6O3
there is one, ethylene lactic acid, CH2 (OH).CH2 .COOH, which is not
found in the animal body, and therefore has no physiological chemical
interest.
CH3
Indeed only a-oxypropionic acid or ethylidene lactic acid, CH(OH), of
COOH
which there are two physical isomers, namely, the dextrorotatory par-
alactic or sarcolactic acid, and the levolactic acid obtained by
Schardinger by the fermentation of cane-sugar by means of a special
bacillus. This levolactic acid, which is formed by the typhoid bacillus
and various vibriones 2
need not be discussed here, and we will only treat
here the d-Z-lactic acid (the inactive fermentation lactic acid) and the
dextrolactic acid.
The fermentation lactic acid, which is formed from lactose by allow-
ing milk to sour, and by the acid fermentation of other carbohydrates,
is considered to exist in small quantities in the muscles (Heintz), in the
gray matter of the brain (Gscheidlen), and in diabetic urine. The
occurrence of fermentation lactic acid in the brain and other organs
is still very improbable and has been disputed by Moriya.3 During
digestion this acid is also found in the contents of the stomach and intestine,
and as alkali lactate in the chyle. The parallactic acid, is at all events,
the true acid of meat extracts, and this alone has been found with certainty
in dead muscle. The lactic acid which is found in the brain, spleen,,
lymphatic glands, thymus, thyroid gland, blood, bile, pathological
transudates, osteomalacial bones, in perspiration in puerperal fever,
in the urine after fatiguing marches, in acute yellow atrophy of the liver,
1 Panormoff, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 17; Osborne and Zobel, Journ. of Physiol.,
29.
1
See Schardinger, Monatshefte f. Chem., 11; Blachstein, Arch, des sciences biol.
de St. Petersbourg, 1, 199 ; Kuprianow, Arch. f. Hygiene, 19, and Gosio, ibid., 21;
Herzog and Horth, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 60. I
1 Heintz, Annal. d. Chem. u. Pharm., 157, and Gscheidlen, Pfliiger’s Arch., 8,.
171; Moriya, Zeitschrift f. physiol. Chem., 43.
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