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724 UEINE.
indoxyl and skatoxyl, pass into the urine as ethereal sulphuric acids
after uniting with sulphuric acid. The most important of these ethereal
acids are phenol- and cresol-sulphuric acids—which were formerly also
called phenol-forming substances
—
indoxyl- and skatoxyl-sulphuric acids.
To this group also belong pyrocatechin-sulphuric acid, which occurs
only in very small amounts in human urine, and hydroquinone-sulphuric
acid, which appears in the urine after poisoning with phenol, and under
physiological conditions perhaps other ethereal acids occur which have
not been isolated. The ethereal sulphuric acids of the urine were dis-
covered and specially studied by Baumann.1
The quantity of these
acids in human urine is small, while horse’s urine contains larger quan-
tities. According to the determinations of v. d. Velden the quantity
of ethereal sulphuric acid in human urine in twenty-four hours varies
between 0.094 and 0.620 gram. C. Tollens found an average of 0.18
gram. The relation of the sulphate-sulphuric acid A to the conjugated
sulphuric acid B, in health, is on an average 10:1. It undergoes such
great variations, as found by Baumann and Herter,2
and after them
by many other investigators, that it is hardly possible to consider the
average figures as normal. After taking phenol and certain other
aromatic substances, as well as when putrefaction within the organism
is general, the elimination of ethereal sulphuric acid is greatly increased.
On the contrary, it is diminished when the putrefaction in the intestine
is reduced or prevented. For this reason it may be greatly diminished
by carbohydrates and exclusive milk diet.3
The intestinal putrefaction
and the elimination of ethereal sulphuric acid have also been diminished
in some cases by certain therapeutic agents which have an antiseptic
action; still the investigators do not agree in their reports.4
Great importance has been given to the relation between the total
sulphuric acid and the conjugated sulphuric acid, or between the con-
jugated sulphuric acid and the sulphate-sulphuric acid, in the study
of the intensity of the putrefaction in the intestine under different con-
ditions. Several investigators, F. Muller, Salkowski, and v. Noorden,5-
1
Pfluger’s Arch., 12 and 13.
2
v. d. Velden, Virchow’s Arch., 70; Tollens, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 67; Herter,
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 1.
3
See Hirschler, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 10; Biernacki, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin.
Med., 49; Rovighi, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 16; Winternitz, ibid., and Schmitz,
ibid., 17 and 19.
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