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CARBOHYDRATES AND REDUCING SUBSTANCES. 749
normal urine (Salkowski). 1
Non-volatile fatty acids have been detected as
normal constituents of urine by K. Morneu and Hyhuinette. 2
Parallactic Acid. It is claimed that this acid occurs in the urine of healthy
persons after very fatiguing marches (Colasanti and Moscatelli). It is found
in larger amounts in the urine in acute phosphorus-poisoning or acute yellow
atrophy of the liver (Schultzen and Riess), in pregnancy (Undekhill), and
especially abundant in eclampsia (Zweifel and others). According to the
investigations of Hoppe-Seyler, Araki, and v. Terray, lactic acid passes into
the urine as soon as the supply of oxj^gen is decreased in any way, and this probably
explains the occurrence of lactic acid in the urine after epileptic attacks (Inouye
and Saiki). Minkowski 3
has shown that lactic acid occurs in the urine in large
quantities on the extirpation of the liver of birds.
Glycerophosphoric acid occurs as traces in the urine, 4
and it is probably a
decomposition product of lecithin. The occurrence of succinic acid in normal
urine is a subject of discussion.
Carbohydrates and Reducing Substances in the Urine. The occurrence
of glucose, as traces, in normal urine is highly probable, as the investiga-
tions of Brucke, Abeles, and v. UdrAnszky show. The last investigator
has also shown the habitual occurrence of carbohydrates in the urine,
and their presence has been positively proven by the investigations of
Baumann and Wedenski, and especially by Baisch. Besides glucose
normal urine contains, according to Baisch, another not well-studied
variety of sugar, according to Lemaire, probably isomaltose, and besides
this a dextrin-like carbohydrate (animal gum), as shown by Landwehr,
Wedenski, and Baisch. The quantity of carbohydrates eliminated under
normal conditions in the twenty-four hours’ urine and determined by
the benzoylation method, which is perhaps not sufficiently trustworthy,
varies considerably between 1.5 and 5.09 grams.5
The precipitate obtained from concentrated urine by the aid of alcohol and
whose nitrogen (colloidal nitrogen according to Salkowski) in normal urine
amounts to 2.34-4.08 per cent of the total nitrogen, and in pathological urines to
8-9 per cent, and in a case of acute yellow atrophy of the liver to 21.8 per cent
contains, Salkowski 6
claims, a nitrogenous carbohydrate which has strong
1
v. Jaksch, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 10; Schotten, ibid., 7; Rokitansky, Wien.
med. Jahrbuch, 1887; Salkowski, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 13; Magnus-Levy,
Salkowski’s Festschrift, 1004; Rosenfeld, Deutsch, med. Wochenschr., 29.
*Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., 7.
3
Colasanti and Moscatelli, Moleschott’s Untersuch., 14; Schultzen and Reiss,
Chem. Centralbl., 1869; Underhill, Journ. of biol. Chem., 2; Zweifel, Arch. f. Gynakol.,
76; Araki, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 15, 16, 17, 19. See also Irisawa, ibid., 17; v.
Terray, PAu^er’s Arch., 65; Schutz, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 19; Inouye and
Saiki, ibid., 37; Minkowski, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 21 and 31.
4
See Pasqualis, Maly’s Jahresber., 24.
5
Lemaire, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 21; Baisch, ibid., 18, 19, and 20. In these
as well as in Treupel, ibid., 16, the works of other investigators are cited. See also
v. Alfthan, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 26.
6
Berlin, klin. Wochenschr., 1905. In regard to urinary colloids see also Lichtwitz,
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 61 and 72, with Rosenbach, ibid.. 61.
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