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750 • URINE.
reducing action upon alkaline copper solutions after cleavage with hydrochloric
acid.
Besides traces of sugar and the reducing substances previously men-
tioned, uric acid and creatinine, the urine contains still other bodies of this
character. These latter are partiy conjugated compounds of glucuronic
acid, C6N10O7, which is closely allied to sugar. The reducing power of
(
normal urine corresponds, according to various investigators, to 1.5-5.96
p. m. glucose. That portion of the reduction belonging to glucose
alone is equal to 0.1-0.6 p. m. Laveson * believes that of the total
reduction 17.8 per cent is due to sugar, 26.3 per cent to creatinine, 7.8
per cent to uric acid, and the remainder, nearly 50 per cent, is caused
by chiefly unknown bodies.
Conjugated glucuronates occur, as indicated by Fluckiger and first
positively shown by Mayer and Neuberg, in an exact manner, in very
small amounts in normal urine. They occur chiefly as phenol- and only
very small amounts of indoxyl- or skatoxylglucuronates. The quantity
of glucuronic acid obtained from the conjugated glucuronates is estimated
as 0.01 p. m. by Mayer and Neuberg, and by C. Tollens and Fr. Stern,2
on the contrary it was found to be 2.5 p. m. or 0.37 gram per day. Besides
these conjugated glucuronates perhaps the urine sometimes contains the
urea glucuronic acid, the ureidoglucuronic acid prepared synthetically
by Neuberg and Niemann.3
Very large amounts of these conjugated glucuronates occur in the
urine, on the other hand, after partaking of various therapeutic agents
aDd other substances, such as chloral hydrate, camphor, naphthol, borneol,
turpentine, morphine, and many other substances. The elimination
of glucuronic acid may be markedly increased in severe disturbances of
the respiration, severe dyspnoea, in diabetes mellitus, and by the direct
introduction of large amounts of glucose. According to P. Mayer,
in the oxidation of glucose a part of it forms glucuronic acid, hence it is
to be expected that the glucuronic acid can in part be derived from the
glucose. As a conjugation of the glucuronic acid with other bodies,
such as aromatic atomic complexes, prevents the combustion of this
acid in ,the animal body, it ought to follow that after the introduction
of such an atomic complex in the body during a glycosuria a correspond-
ing reduction of the glucose elimination would take place with the
increased excretion of conjugated glucuronates. In order to prove
this possibility, O. Loew’i 4 fed dogs with camphor during phlorhizin
1
Fluckiger, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 9; Laveson, Bioch. Zeitschr., 4.
2 Fluckiger, 1. c; Mayer and Neuberg, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 29; Tollens and
Stern, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 67.
’ Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 44.
* Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 47.
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