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752 URINE.
and the conjugated group and this is brought about by boiling with
a dilute mineral acid. They are precipitated by basic lead acetate or
by basic lead acetate and ammonia. Most of the conjugated glucuronic
acids do not have a direct reducing action but are reducing after hydrolysis.
Certain of them, and to this group belong especially those acids of the
ester type, reduce copper oxide and certain other metallic oxides in alkaline
solution directly, and hence cause errors in the investigations of the
urine for sugar. The conjugated acids of the glucoside type rotate the
plane of polarized light to the left, while the glucuronic acid itself is dextro-
rotatory. The conjugated acids of the ester type, which as a rule are
less stable, rotate the ray of polarized light to the right. As the detection
of conjugated glucuronic acids is connected with the tests for sugar in
the urine, we will treat of this in connection with these tests.
Organic combinations containing sulphur of unknown kind, which may
in small part consist of sulphocyanides, 0.04 (Gscheidlen) to 0.11 p. m.-
(I. Munk),1
cystine or bodies related to it, taurine derivatives, chon-
droitin-sulphuric acid and protein bodies, but in greater part are made up
of antoxyproteic acid, oxyproteic acid, alloxyproteic acid, and uroferric
acid, are found in human as well as in animal urines. The sulphur of
these mostly unknown combinations has been called " neutral," to dif-
ferentiate it from the " acid " sulphur of the sulphate and ethereal-sul-
phuric acid (Salkowski 2
) . The neutral sulphur in normal urine is
13-24 per cent of the total sulphur.3 In anaemia, cachetic conditions,
pulmonary tuberculosis and especially in carcinoma the quantity is
greatly increased (Weiss). In general it can be said that the quantity
is increased by an increased catabolism of protein and therefore an increase
in the neutral sulphur has been found in starvation (Fr. Muller), with
insufficient oxygen supply (Reale and Boeri, Harnack and Kleine)
and after chloroform narcosis (Kast and Mester). After the introduc-
tion of free sulphur the quantity of neutral sulphur is increased, accord-
ing to Presch and Yvon and to Maillard.* The quantity of neutral
sulphur varies, according to Benedict, within rather narrow limits
and especially, according to Folin, it is dependent to a less degree than
the sulphate excretion upon the extent of the protein metabolism. The
relation between the neutral and acid sulphur depends in the first place
1
Gscheidlen, Pfliiger’s Arch., 14; Munk, Virchow’s Arch., 69.
2
Ibid., 58, and Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 9.
’Salkowski, 1. c; Stadthagen, Virchow’s Arch., 100; Lepine, Compt. Rend., 91
and 97; Harnack and Kleine, Zeitschr. f. Biologie, 37; Mor. Weiss, Bioch. Zeitschr., 27.
4
Weiss, 1. c; Fr. Muller, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1887; Reale and Boeri, Maly’s
Jahresber., 24; Harnack and Kleine, 1. c; Kast and Mester, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med.,
18; Presch., Virchow’s Arch., 119; Yvon, Arch, de Physiol. (5), 10; Maillard, Compt.
Rend., 152.
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