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758 URINE.
amine, which originates from the phosphatides, and was first detected by de Filippi
and later by K. Baler, belong to the leucomanir.es and also the bases found by
Kutscher and by Kutscher and Lohmann, namely, methyl guanidine (also
found by Achelis), dimcthylguanidine, novain (previously found by Dombrowski),
reductonoraitt, C7H17NO2, gynesin, C19H23N3O3 (from female urine) mingin, Ci3 Hi8N202,
vitiatin (Chapter X) and methylpyridine chloride, which is not a leucomaine, but
is probably derived from smoking tobacco or from drinking coffee. The imidazole
derivatives histidine and imidazolamino-acetic acid found by Kutscher and
Engeland also belong to this group and the urohypertensin and urohypotensin
of Abelous and Bardier. 1
Under pathological conditions the quantity of leucomaines and other bodies
may be increased (Bouchard, Lepine and Geurin, Villiers, Griffiths, Albu,
and others). Within the last few years the poisonous properties of urine have
been the subject of more thorough investigation, especialby by Bouchard. He
found that the night urine is less poisonous than the day urine, and that the
poisonous constituents of the da}’ and night urine have not the same action.
In order to be able to compare the toxic power of the urine under different con-
ditions, Bouchard determines the urotoxic coefficient, which is the weight
of rabbit in kilos that is killed by the quantity of urine excreted in twenty-four
hours by 1 kilo of the person experimented upon. 2
Many substances have been observed in animal urine which are not found in
human urine. To these belong the above-described kynurenic acid, urocanic acid,
which according to Hunter is imidazolacrylic acid, also found in dog’s urine;
damaluric acid and damolic acid (according to Schotten, 3
probably a mixture
of benzoic acid with volatile fatty acids), obtained by the distillation of cow’s
urine; and lastly lithuric acid, found in the urinary concrements of certain
animals.
HI. INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF URINE.
Chlorides. The chlorine occurring in the urine is undoubtedly com-
bined with the bases contained in this excretion; the chief part is in
combination with sodium. In accordance with this, the quantity of
chlorine in the urine is generally expressed as NaCl.
The question as to whether a part of the chlorine contained in the
urine exists as organic combinations, as considered by Berlioz and
Lepinois, is still disputed, although recently Baumgarten 4
has supported
this view.
The quantity of chlorine combinations in the urine is subject to con-
siderable variation. In general the amount from a healthy adult on a
1
de Filippi, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 49; Bauer, Hofmeister’s Beitrage, 11;
Kutscher, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 51, with Lohmann, ibid., 48 and 49; Achelis,
ibid., 50; England, ibid., 57, and Munch, med. Wochenschr., 55; Abelous and Bardier,
Maly’s Jahresb., 39 and 40.
2
See footnote 7, page 757.
3
Hunter, Journ. of biol. Chem., 11; Schotten, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 7.
* Berlioz and Lepinois, see Chem. Centralbl., 1894, 1, and 1895, 1; also Petit and
Terrat, ibid., 1894, 2, and Vitali, ibid., 1897, 2; Ville and Moitessier, Maly’s Jahres-
ber., 31; Meillere, ibid.; Bruno, ibid., 452; Baumgarten, Zeitschr. f. exp. Path. u.
Therap., 5.
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