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CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM. 7GD
than 1 gram, and of this amount § la magnesium and ^ calcium phos-
phate. This statement, as found by Renwall and Gross, is not correct,
or at least is not true in general, as they found more calcium than mag-
nesium in the urine. Long and Gephart j
obtained similar results.
In acid urines the mono- as well as the dihydrogen earthy phosphates
are found, and the solubility of the first, among which the calcium salt
CaHP04 is especially insoluble, is particularly augmented by the presence
in the urine of dihydrogen alkali phosphates and sodium chloride (Ott 2
)
.
The quantity of alkaline earths in the urine depends on the composi-
tion of the food. The lime-salts absorbed are in great part excreted
again into the intestine, and the quantity of lime-salts in the urine is
therefore no measure of their absorption. The introduction of readily
soluble lime-salts or the addition of hydrochloric acid to the food may
therefore cause an increase in the quantity of lime in the urine, while
the reverse takes place on adding alkali phosphate to the food. Accord-
ing to Granstrom starvation in rabbits or the introduction of food which
yields an acid ash and causes an acid urine produces the same effect as
the introduction of acid. The observation of de Jager 3
is significant,
namely, he found that the partaking of CaS04 and to a higher degree
of MgSCU causes an increase in the urine ammonia and of acid. Noth-
ing is known with certainty in regard to the constant and regular change
in the elimination of calcium and magnesium salts in disease, and in these
conditions the excretion is chiefly dependent upon the diet and the forma-
tion and introduction of acid.4
The quantity of calcium and magnesium is determined according to
the ordinary well-known methods.
Iron occurs in the urine only in small quantities, and it does not exist as a
salt, but as an organic combination of a colloidal nature. The earlier reports in
regard to the iron present seem to show that the quantity ranges from 1 to 11
milligrams per liter of urine. Hoffmann, Neumann and Mayer found lower
results—an average of 1.09 and 0.983 milligrams and according to recent determi-
nations of Wolter and Reich 8
the quantity is about 1 milligram. The quantity
of silicic acid is ordinarily stated to amount to about 0.3 p. m. H. Schulz 6
found
1
Renwall, Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., 16; Gross, Biochem. Centralbl., 4, 189; Long
and Gephart, Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc, 34.
2
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 10.
s
Granstrom, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 58; de Jager, Bioch. Zeitschr., 38.
4
See page 758, Albu and Neuberg, 1. c, and E. Zak, Ueber Harn bei Lungenent-
ziindung, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 21.
6
Kunkei, cited from Maly’s Jahresber., 11; Giacosa, ibid., 16; Kobert, Arbeiten
des Pharm. Inst, zu Dorpat, 7; Magnier, Ber. d. deutsch. chem. Gesellsch., 7; Gott-
lieb, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 26; Jolles, Zeitschr. f. anal. Chem., 36; Hoff-
mann, Zeitschr. f. anal. Chem., 40; Neumann and Mayer, Zeitschr. f. physiol.
Chem., 37; Wolter, Bioch. Zeitschr., 24; Reich, ibid., 36.
6
Pfluger’s Arch,, 144.
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