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770 URINE.
0.1046 to 0.2594 grains per day on a mixed diet. Traces of hydrogen peroxide
also occur in the urine.
The gases of the urine are carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and traces of
oxygen. The quantity of nitrogen is not quite 1 vol. per cent. The
carbon dioxide varies considerably. In acid urines it is hardly one-half
as great as in neutral or alkaline urines.
IV. THE QUANTITY AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION OF URINE.
The quantity and composition of urine are liable to great variation.
The circumstances which under physiological conditions exercise a great
influence are the following: the blood-pressure, and the rapidity of the
blood-current in the glomeruli. The quantity of urinary constituents,
especially water in the blood; and, lastly, the condition of the secretory
glandular elements. Above all, the quantity and concentration of the
urine depend on the quantity of water which is introduced into the blood
or which leaves the body in other ways. The excretion of urine is increased
by drinking freely or by reducing the quantity of water otherwise removed;
and it is decreased by a diminished ingestion of water or by a greater loss
of water in other ways. Ordinarily in man just as much water is elimi-
nated by the kidneys as by the skin, lungs, and intestine together. At
lower temperatures and in moist air, since under these conditions the
elimination of water by the skin is diminished, the excretion of urine
may be considerably increased. Diminished introduction of water or
increased elimination of water by other means—as in violent diarrhoea or
vomiting, or in profuse perspiration—greatly diminishes the amount of
urine excreted. For example, the urine may sink as low as 500-400 cc.
per day in intense summer heat, while after copious draughts of water
the elimination of 3000 cc. of urine has been observed during the same
time. The quantity of urine voided in the course of twenty-four hours
varies considerably from day to day, the average being ordinarly cal-
culated as 1500 cc. for healthy adult men and 1200 cc. for women. The
minimum elimination occurs during the early morning between 2 and 4
o’clock; the maximum, in the first hours after waking and from 1-2
hours after a meal.
The quantity of solids excreted per day is nearly constant, even though the
quantity of urine may vary, and it is quite constant when the manner of living
is regular. Therefore the percentage of solids in the urine is naturally in inverse
proportion to the quantity of urine. The average amount of solids per twenty-
four hours is calculated as 60 grams. The quantity may be calculated with approx-
imate accuracy from the specific gravity if the second and third decimals of this
factor be multiplied by Haser’s coefficient, 2.33. The product gives the amount
of solids in 1000 cc. of urine, and if the quantity of urine eliminated in twenty-
four hours be measured, the quantity of solids in twenty-four hours may be
easily calculated. For example, 1050 cc. of urine of a specific gravity 1.021 was
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