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CASUAL URINARY CONSTITUENTS. 773
interest from this standpoint; but the changes which certain organic
substances undergo when introduced into the animal body may be studied
by the transformation products as found in the urine.
The bodies belonging to the fatty series undergo, though not without
exceptions, a combustion leading toward the final products of metab-
olism; still, often a greater or smaller part of the bodies in question
escape oxidation and appear unchanged in the urine. A part of the acids
belonging to this series, which are otherwise decomposed into water and
carbonates, and render the urine neutral or alkaline, may act in this manner.
The volatile fatty acids poor in carbon are less easily oxidized than those
rich in carbon, and they therefore pass unchanged into the urine in
large amounts. This is especially true of formic and acetic acids
(Schotten, Gr6hant and Quinquaud r
). In birds, according to Gaglio
and Giunti, oxalic acid is not oxidized. Opinions on the behavior of
oxalic acid in mammalia and man, are conflicting; the investigations
of Salkowski and especially of Hildebrandt and Dakin 2
show
that oxalic acid, when introduced in medium amounts, is in part
oxidized in the animal body. Racemic acid, d-l tartaric acid, passes
(in dogs) in part into the urine, and this unburned part is optically inactive
according to Neuberg and Saneyoshi. The statement of Biron 3
that Z-tartaric acid is more readily burned than e?-tartaric acid is accord-
ingly incorrect, and the cW-tartaric acid therefore does not belong to
those substances which are asymmetrically attacked in the animal
body. Malic acid and citric acid belong to those acids which are in great
part burned in the body.4
The destruction of normal fatty acids with several membered chains
takes place, our belief being based upon the work of Knoop and Dakin 5
especially, in an oxidation in the 0-position, i.e., in the group which is in
the /3-position to the carboxyl group at the end. The conversion into an
1
Schotten, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 7; Grehant and Quinquaud, Compt. Rend.,
104.
2
Gaglio, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 22; Giunti, Chem. Centralbl., 1897, 2;
Marfori, Maly’s Jahresber., 20 and 27; Pohl, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 37; Sal-
kowski, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1900; Pierallini, Virchow’s Arch., 160; Stradomsky,
i&td.,163; Klemperer and Tritschler, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 44; Hildebrandt, Zeitschr.
f. physiol. Chem., 35; Dakin, Journ. of biol. Chem., 3.
3
Biron, Zeitachr. f. physiol. Chem., 25; Neuberg and Saneyoshi, Bioch. Zeitschr.,
36. O
4
Pohl, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 37, which also contains reports on the inter-
mediary products formed in the oxidation of the fatty bodies; K. Ohta, Bioch.
Zeitschr., 44.
5
F. Knoop, Hofmeister’s Beitrage, 6 and Habilit.-Schrift, Freiburg, 1904; Dakin,
Journ. of biol. Chem., 4, 5, 6 and 9.
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