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772 URINE.
of the most important constituents which are eliminated during the
course of twenty-four hours in a volume of 1500 cc. of urine. These
figures apply only to a diet which corresponds to Voit’s standard figures,
namely 118 grams protein, 56 grams fat, and 500 grams carbohydrate
per day, and to a man of average weight.
Daily quantity of solids = 55-70 grams.
Organic constituents 35-45 grams. Inorganic constituents 20-25 grams.
Urea 25-35.0 grams. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
.
10-15.0 grams.
Uric acid 0.7 " Sulphuric acid (H2 S04 ).
.
2.5 "
Creatinine 1.5 " Phosphoric acid (P2 5) .
.
2.5 "
Hippuric acid 0.7 " Potash (K20) 3.3 "
Ammonia (NH3 ) 0.7 "
Magnesia (MgO) \ n fi
Lime (CaO) /••• u,a
Urine contains on an average 40 p. m. solids. The quantity of urea is
about 20 p. m., and common salt about 10 p. m.
The physico-chemical methods are being used in urinary analysis even to a
greater extent than in the analysis of other animal fluids. A great number
of eryoscopie determinations, but fewer conduct ivitjr
determinations, have been
made. A constant relation between the values found by physico-chemical methods
and the analytical methods has been sought, for example, between the freezing-
point depression and the specific gravity or the common salt content and others; or
have been made to find certain constants in the composition of the urine based
upon the results of various methods, and in this way to obtain an explanation
as to the mechanism of the excretion of urine in order to apply them for diag-
nostic purposes. The results obtained are, as is to be expected, so variable and
dependent upon so many conditions which cannot be controlled that definite
conclusions must be drawn with the greatest caution. In regard to the value and
usefulness of the various constants and relations which are based upon theoretical
considerations, opinions are unfortunately still too divergent and as the plan and
scope of this book do not allow of more detailed description of these facts we
must refer to larger works on the urine and diseases of the kidneys.
V. CASUAL URINARY CONSTITUENTS.
The casual appearance, in the urine, of medicinal agents or of urinary
constituents resulting from the introduction of foreign substances into
the organism is of practical importance, because such compounds may
interfere in certain urinary investigations; they also afford a good means
of determining whether certain substances have been introduced into the
organism or not. From this point of view a few of these bodies will be
spoken of in a following section (on the pathological urinary constituents)
.
The presence of these foreign bodies, in the urine, is of special interest
in those cases in which they serve to elucidate the chemical transformations
which certain substances undergo within the organism. As inorganic
substances generally leave the body unchanged, 1
they are of very little
1
In regard to the behavior of certain of these bodies, see Heffter, Die Ausscheidung
korperfremden Substanzen im Ham, Ergebnisse d. Physiol., 2, Abt. 1.
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