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CONJUGATION WITH SUL1T1UKIC AND GLUCURONIC ACIDS. 777
of this kind. Substitution of both hydrogen atoms of th<’ ami no-group
by methyl groups seems to make the demolition of the amino-acids still
more difficult (Friedmann). Ordinary betaine (trimethyl glycocoll)
passes, according to Kohlhauch,1
in part unburned into the urine in
camivora as well as herbivora.
The combustion of the aliphatic bodies can be retarded or prevented
also by substitutions of other kinds and by combining with other sub-
stances.
By substitution with halogens, bodies otherwise readily oxidizable are
converted into difficultly oxidizable ones. While the aldehydes are readily
and completely burnt like the primary and secondary alcohols of the
fatty series, the halogen-substituted aldehydes and alcohols, are, on the
contrary, difficultly oxidizable. The halogen-substitution products of
methane (chloroform, iodoform, and bromoform) are at least in part
destroyed, and the corresponding alkali compounds of the halogen pass
into the urine.2
By conjugation with sulphuric acid, the alcohols which are otherwise
readily oxidizable may be protected against combustion, and conse-
quently the alkali salt of ethyl-sulphuric acid is not burnt in the body
(Salkowski 3
).
Conjugation with other substances can prevent the combustion of
the aliphatic bodies as shown in the conjugation of glycocoll with benzoic
acid into hippuric acid. A conjugation can also be a mutual protection
against the combustion of two bodies as in the case of glucuronic acid
and certain substances.
Conjugation with glucuronic acid occurs, according to the investiga-
tions of Sundvik and especially of O. Neubauer, in many substituted
as well as non-substitued alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Chloral
hydrate, CCl3CH(OH)2, passes, after it has been converted into tri-
chlorethyl-alcohol by a reduction, into a levogyrate reducing acid, uro-
chloralic acid or trichlorethylglucuronic acid, CCI3.CH2.CGH9O7 (Musculus
and v. Mering). Of the primary alcohols investigated by Neubauer*
(upon rabbits and dogs) methyl alcohol gave no conjugated glucuronic
acid, and ethyl alcohol only a small amount. Isobutyl alcohol and active
1
Zeitschr. f. Biol., 57.
2
See Harnack and Griindler, Berlin, klin. Wochenschr., 1883; Zeller, Zeitschr. f.
physiol. Chem., 8; Kast, ibid., 11; Binz, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 28; Zeehuisen,
Maly’s Jahresber., 23.
3
Pfliiger’s Arch., 4.
4
Sundvik, Maly’s Jahresber., 16; Musculus and v. Mering, Ber. d. deutsch. chem.
Gesellsch., 8; also v. Mering, ibid., 15; Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 6; Kulz, Pfliiger’s
Arch., 28 and 33; O. Neubauer, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 46; Saneyoshi, Bioch.
Zeitschr., 36.
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