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BLOOD PIGMENTS. HiEMATOPORPHYRIN. 797
I
taining pus, even when no blood is present, gives a blue color with these
reagents; but in this case the tincture of guaiac alone, without tur-
pentine, is colored blue by the urine (Vitali ’). This is at least true
for a tincture that has been exposed for some time to the action of air
and sunlight. The blue color produced by pus differs from that pro-
duced by blood-coloring matters by disappearing on heating the urine
to boiling. A urine alkaline by decomposition must first be made faintly
acid before performing the reaction. The turpentine should be kept
exposed to sunlight, while the tincture of guaiac must be kept in a
dark glass bottle. These reagents to be of use must be controlled by a
liquid containing blood. With positive results, however, this test is
not absolutely decisive, because other bodies may give a similar reaction,
but when properly performed it is so extremely delicate that when it
gives negative results any other test for blood is superfluous.2
As the delicacy of the above-mentioned tests is sufficient for ordinary
purposes it is not necessary to give the new blood-tests suggested recently.
Heller-Teichmann’s Test. If a neutral or faintly acid urine containing
blood is heated to boiling, one always obtains a mottled precipitate consist-
ing of proteid and haematin. If caustic soda is added to the boiling-hot test,
the liquid becomes clear and turns green when examined in thin layers (due to
haematin alkali), and a red precipitate, appearing green by reflected light, re-forms,
consisting of earthy phosphates and hsematin. This reaction is called Heller’s
blood-test. If this precipitate is after a time collected on a small filter, it may be
used for the haemin test (see page 293). If the precipitate contains only a little
blood-coloring matter with a larger quantity of earthy phosphates, then wash
it with dilute acetic acid, which dissolves the earthy phosphates, and use the
residue for the preparation of Teichmann’s haemin crystals. If, on the contrary,
the amount of phosphates is very small, then first add a little MgCb solution
to the urine, heat to boiling, and add simultaneously with the caustic potash
some sodium-phosphate solution. In the presence of only very small quantities
of blood, first make the urine very faintly alkaline with ammonia, add tannic
acid, acidify with acetic acid, and use this precipitate in the preparation of the
haemin crystals (Sturve 3
).
0. and R. Adler 4
have recommended leucomalachite green or benzidine in
the presence of peroxide and acetic acid as especially sensitive reagents for blood.
Haematoporphyrin. Since the occurrence of haematoporphyrin in the
urine in various diseases has been made very probable by several investi-
gators, such as Neusser, Stokvis, MacMunn, Le Nobel, Copeman, and
others, 5 Salkow’ski has positively shown the presence of this pigment
in the urine after sulfonal intoxication. It was first isolated in a pure
1
See Maly’s Jahresber., 18.
2
For more details in regard to the preparation of the reagents and the performance
of the reaction see O. Schumm., Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 50.
3
Zeitschr. f. anal. Chem., 11.
4
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 41.
s
A very complete index of the literature on haematoporphyrin in the urine may be
found in R. Zoja, Su qualche pigmento di alcune urine, etc., in Arch. Ital. di. clin.
Med., 1893.
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