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800 URINE.
kay and v. Udranszky and K. Morner 1
they do not. Pathologically
they are present in the urine in hepatogenic icterus, although not invar-
iably.
Detection of Bile-acids in the Urine. Pettenkofer’s test gives the most
decisive reaction ; but as it gives similar color reactions with other bodies, it must
be supplemented by the spectroscopic investigation. The direct test for bile-
acids is easily performed after the addition of traces of bile to a normal urine.
But the direct detection in a colored icteric urine is more difficult and gives very
misleading results; the bile-acid must therefore always be isolated from the urine.
This may be done by the following method of Hoppe-Seyler, which is slightly
modified in non-essential points.
Hoppe-Seyler’s Method. Concentrate the urine and extract the residue
with strong alcohol. The filtrate is freed from alcohol by evaporation and then
precipitated by basic lead acetate and ammonia. The washed precipitate is
treated with boiling alcohol, filtered hot, the filtrate treated with a few drops
of soda solution, and evaporated to dryness. The dry residue is extracted with
absolute alcohol, filtered, and an excess of ether added. The amorphous or,
after a longer time, crystalline, precipitate consisting of the alkali salts of the
biliary acids is used in performing Pettenkofer’s test.
Bile-pigments occur in the urine in different forms of icterus. A
urine containing bile-pigments is always abnormally colored—yellow,
yellowish brown, deep brown, greenish yellow, greenish brown, or nearly
pure green. On shaking it froths, and the bubbles are yellow or yellowish
green in color. As a rule icteric urine is somewhat cloudy, and the sedi-
ment is frequently, especially when it contains epithelium-cells, rather
strongly colored by the bile-pigments.
Detection of Bile-coloring Matters in Urine. Many tests have been
proposed for the detection of these substances. Ordinarily we obtain
the best results with the following three tests:
•
Gmelin’s test may be applied directly to the urine; but it is better to
use Rosenbach’s modification. Filter the urine through a very small
filter, which becomes deeply colored from the retained epithelium-cells
and bodies of that nature. After the liquid has entirely passed through
apply to the inside of the filter a drop of nitric acid which contains only
very little nitrous acid. A pale-yellow spot will be formed which is sur-
rounded by colored rings which appear yellowish red, violet, blue, and
green from within outward. This modification is very delicate, and it
is hardly possible to mistake indican and other coloring-matters for the
bile-pigments. Several other modifications of Gmelin’s direct test, e.g.,
with concentrated sulphuric acid and nitrate, etc., have been proposed,
but they are neither simpler nor more delicate than Rosenbach’s modifica-
tion.
Huppert’s Reaction. In a dark-colored urine or one rich in indican
good results are not always obtained with Gmelin’s test. In such cases,
as also in urines containing blood-coloring matters at the same time,
the urine is treated with lime-water, or first with some CaCb solution,
’Cited from Huppert-Neubauer, Harn-Analyse, 10. Aufl., 229.
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