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ACETONE BODIES. 819
and acctoacetic acid during inanition (v. Jaksch, Fr. Muller :
). This
also stands in accord with the observations that a considerable increase
in the quantity of acetone and acctoacetic acid eliminated is observed
in such diseases as fevers, diabetes, digestive disturbances, mental dis-
eases with abstinence and cachexia, where the body protein is largely
destroyed. The formation of acetone bodies from protein is also indi-
cated by the fact that acetone has been obtained as an oxidation prod-
uct from gelatin and protein (Blumenthal and Neuberg, Orgler 2
).
The investigations of Embden and collaborators are more conclusive.
After Embden and Kalberlah showed that the liver is an organ where
acetone is formed, Embden, Salomon and Schmidt 3
showed by exper-
iments on extirpated livers, that butyric acid, oxybutyric acid, leucine,
tyrosine and in fact those aromatic bodies which, like tyrosine, phenyl-
alanine, phenyl-a-lactic acid and homogentisic acid contain a combustible
benzene nucleus, are transformed, in the liver, into acetone. Research,
which has been continued further by Embden and his collaborators
and substantiated by others, such as Baer, and Blum, Borchardt
and Lange, Neubauer and Gross, Schmitz and Fr. Sachs 4
has shown
that there can be no doubt that certain amino-acids, especially leucine,
are strong acetone formers, and consequently that acetone can be formed
from protein. Protamines and histones can also increase the acetone
elimination (Borchardt) or, as we say, may have a " ketoplastic
"
action, and it is therefore possible that acetone can be formed from
arginine with a-amino-valerianic acid as intermediary step (Borchardt
and Lange).
As we cannot deny the possibility of a formation of acetone from pro-
teins, on the other hand we have observations which are inconsistent with
the origin of the acetone bodies entirely from the proteins. Thus no par-
allelism exists between the acetone bodies and the nitrogen excretion
in diabetics, and the fact, that in man no certain relation exists between
the acetone elimination and the nitrogen and sulphur excretion, seems to
show that the acetone bodies are not entirely derived from the proteins.
In man the excretion of acetone does not increase with the rise in the
1
v. Jaksch, Ueber Acetonurie und Diaceturie. Berlin, 1885; Fr. Muller, Bericht
iiber die Ergebnisse des an Cetti ausgefiihrten Hungerversuches. Berlin, klin. Wochen-
echr., 1887.
2 Blumenthal and Neuberg, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1901; Orgler, Hofmeis-
ter’s Beit rage, 1.
1
Hofmeister’s Beitriige, 8.
4
Embden, ibid., 11, with Marx, Engel, Lattes and Michaud, ibid., 11; Baer and
Blum, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 55, 56, and 62; Borchardt, ibid, 53, with Lange,
Hofmeister"s Beitriige, 8; Neubauer and Gross, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 67; Schmitz,
Bioch. Zeitschr., 28; Fr. Sachs, ibid., 27.
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