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826 URINE.
for solutions of 1-11 per cent and has a disturbing action upon the deter-
mination of sugar by means of the polariscope. It is not precipitated
by basic lead acetate or by ammoniacal lead acetate, neither does it
ferment. On boiling with water, especially in the presence of a mineral
acid, this acid decomposes into a-crotonic acid, which melts at 71-72°
C, and water, CH:
,.CH(OH).CH2.COOH = H2 0-r-CH3.CH:CH.COOH.
It yields acetone on oxidation with a chromic-acid mixture.
Detection of 0-Oxybutyric Acid in the Urine. If a urine is still levo-
gyrate after fermentation with yeast, the presence of oxybutyric acid
is probable. A further test may be made, according to Rulz, by evaporat-
ing the fermented urine to a syrup and, after the addition of an equal
volume of concentrated sulphuric acid, distilling directly without cool-
ing, a-crotonic acid is produced, which distills over, and, after collect-
ing in a test-tube, crystals which melt at +72° C. separate on cooling.
If no crystals are obtained, shake the distillate repeatedly with ether and
let this spontaneously evaporate. The crystals which separate out
can be purified according to Embden and Schmitz by redissolving in ether,
evaporating the chief part of the ether and precipitating with petroleum-
ether, which removes the volatile fatty acids and benzoic acid.
The quantitative estimation is done by complete extraction of the
P-oxybutyric acid by ether and determining the specific rotation. The
extraction can be done according to Magnus-Levy l
or according to
Bergell.2 Other methods of estimating /3-oxybutyric acid have been
suggested by Darmstadter, Boekelman and Bouma.3
In regard to
the quantitative estimation we refer to Embden and Schmitz.4
Ehrlich’s 5
Urine Test. Mix 250 cc. of a solution which contains 50 cc. of
HC1 and 1 gram of sulphanilic acid in one liter, with 5 cc. of a \ per cent solution
of sodium nitrite (which produces very little of the active body, sulphodiazo-
benzene). In performing this test treat the urine with an equal volume of this
mixture and then supersaturate with ammonia. Normal urine will become
yellow or orange after the addition of ammonia (aromatic oxyacids may after a cer-
tain time give red azo bodies which color the upper layer of the phosphate sediment).
In pathological urines there sometimes occurs (and this is the characteristic
diazo reaction) a primary yellow coloration, with very marked secondary red
coloration on the addition of ammonia, and the froth is also tinged with red.
The upper layer of the sediment becomes greenish. The body which gives this
reaction is unknown, but it especially occurs in the urine of typhoid patients
(Ehrlich). Opinions differ in regard to the significance of this reaction. If
the urine is made alkaline with sodium carbonate instead of ammonia and treated
1
See Hoppe-Seyler, Thierfelder’s Handbuch, 8. Aufl., G19, and Geelmuyden, Ham-
marsten’s Festschr., 1906.
5
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 33.
a
Darmstadter, ibid., 37; Boekelman and Bouma, see Maly’s Jahresber, 31.
1
Bee footnote •",, page 825.
’Ehrlich, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 5. See also Clemens, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin.
Med., (53 (literature). Kutscher and Engeland, footnote 1, page 758.
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