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CYSTINE. 827
with a freshly prepared solution of diazobenzene sulphonic acid made alkaline
with sodium carbonate, normal urine also rives an orange or Bordeaux-red
coloration. The known normal urinary constituents which give the diazo reac-
tion are the aromatic oxyacidfl, antoxyproteic acid and the imidazole derivative
found by Engeland (see page 758).
Ehrlich’s reaction with p-dime1 hylaminobenzaldehyde has already been
discussed in connection with urobilinogen.
Hosenbach’s urine test, which consists in adding nitric acid drop by drop
to the boiling-hot urine and obtaining a claret-red coloration and a bluish-red
foam on shaking, depends upon the formation of indigo substances, especially
indigo-red. 1
Fat in the Urine. The elimination of a urine which in appearance and rich-
ness in fat resembles chyle is called chyluria. It habitually contains a proteid
and often fibrin. Chyluria occurs mostly in the inhabitants of the tropics.
Lipuria, or the elimination of fat with the urine, may appear in apparently healthy
persons, sometimes with and sometimes without albuminuria, in pregnancy, and
also in certain diseases, as in diabetes, poisoning with phosphorus, and fatty
degeneration of the kidneys.
Fat is usually detected by the microscope. It may also be dissolved with
ether, and may invariably be detected by evaporating the urine to dryness and
extracting the residue with ether.
Cholesterin is also sometimes found in the urine in chyluria and in a few other
cases.
Amino-acids. Leucine and tyrosine have been repeatedly found in urine by
the older methods, especially in acute yellow atrophy of the liver, in acute phos-
phorus poisoning, and in severe cases of typhoid and smallpox. Since (3-naphtha-
lene sulphochloride has been used in the detection of amino-acids these bodies have
not only been repeatedly found in normal urine (glycocoll, see page 756), but also
in pathological urines. 2
Cystine. Baumann and Goldmann claim that a substance similar
to cystine occurs in very small amounts in normal urine. This substance
occurs in large quantities in the urine of dogs after poisoning with phos-
phorus. Cystine itself is only found with positiveness, and even then
very rarely, in urinary calculi and in pathological urines, from which
it may separate as a sediment. Cystinuria occurs oftener in men than
in women. Baumann and v. Udranszky found in urine in cystinuria
the two diamines, cadaverine (pentamethylendiamine) and putrescine
(tetramethylendiamine), which are produced in the putrefaction of
proteins. Cases of cystinuria may occur with or without the occurrence
of diamines in the urine, and only rarely are the diamines found in the
urine as well as in the feces, which perhaps depends upon the fact, as
found by Cammidge and Garrod 3
in one case, that the diamines occur
1
See Rosin, Virchow’s Arch., 123.
2
Ignatowski, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 42; Abderhalden and Schittenhelm,
ibid., 45; Abderhalden and Barker, ibid., 42. See also footnote 5, page 756, and 2, 757.
3
Baumann, Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 8. In regard to the literature on cystinuria
6ee Brenzinger, ibid., 16; Baumann and Goldmann, ibid., 12; Baumann and v.
Udranszky, ibid., 13; Stadthagen and Brieger, Berlin, klin. Wochenschr., 1889;
Cammidge and Garrod, Journ. of Path, and Bacteriol., 1900 (literature on diamines
in the urine and feces); Loewy and Neuberg, Bioeh. Zeitschr., 2; Wolf and Schaffer,
Journ. of biol. Chem., 4; Williams and Wolf, ibid., 6.
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