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828 UKINE.
only from time to time in the feces. Cystinuria is generally admitted as
rather an anomaly in the protein metabolism where the cystine for
unknown reasons is not destroyed as ordinarily. It is remarkable
that the cystine of the food-proteins is eliminated by the urine, while in
cystinurics, at least sometimes, such cystine introduced is quantitatively
transformed.1
Certain observations, such as the appearance of lysine
in the urine of cystinurics (Ackermann and Kutscher 2
), make it probable
that the demolition of other amino-acids is diminished in cystinuria.
The properties and reactions of cystine have been given on pages 148
and 149.
Cystine is easily prepared from cystine calculi by dissolving them
in alkali carbonate, precipitating the solution with acetic acid, and redis-
solving the precipitate in ammonia. The cystine crystallizes on the
spontaneous evaporation of the ammonia. The cystine dissolved in
the urine is detected, in the absence of proteid and sulphuretted hydrogen,
by boiling with alkali and testing with a lead salt or sodium nitroprusside.
To isolate cystine from the urine, acidify the urine strongly with acetic
acid. The precipitate containing cystine is collected after twenty-four
hours and digested with hydrochloric acid, which dissolves the cystine
and calcium oxalate, leaving the uric acid undissolved. Filter, supersat-
urate the filtrate with ammonium carbonate, and treat the precipitate
with ammonia, which dissolves the cystine and leaves the calcium oxalate.
Filter again and precipitate with acetic acid. The precipitated cystine
is identified by the microscope and the above-mentioned reactions.
Cystine as a sediment is identified by the microscope. It must be purified
by dissolving in ammonia and precipitating with acetic acid; it is then
further tested. Traces of dissolved cystine may be detected by the
production of benzoyl-cystine, according to Baumann and Goldmann.
For the detection and estimation of cystine we can proceed to advantage
in the following manner, suggested by Gaskell.3
The urine freed from
oxalates and phosphates by means of ammonia and calcium chloride is
treated with an equal volume of acetone and with acetic acid. The
crystals which precipitate are dissolved in ammonia and then purified
by reprecipitation with acetone.
VH. URINARY SEDIMENTS AND CALCULI.
Urinary sediment is the more or less abundant deposit which is found
in the urine after standing. This deposit may consist partly of organized
and partly- of non-organized constituents. The first, consisting of cells
of various kinds, yeast-fungi, bacteria, spermatozoa, casts, etc., must
be investigated by means of the microscope, and the following only
applies to the non-organized deposits.
1
See Wolf and Schaffer, Journ. of biol. Chem., 4; and Hele, Journ. of Physiol.. 39.
2
Zeitschr. f. Biol., 57.
8
Journ. of Physiol., 36.
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