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EXCHANGE OF GAS THROUGH THE SKIN. 849
Kast found that the proportion of ethereal-sulphuric acid to the
sulphate-sulphuric acid in perspiration was 1:12. After the administra-
tion of aromatic substances the ethereal-sulphuric acid does not increase
to the same extent in the perspiration as in the urine (see Chapter XIV).
The quantity of mineral substances was on an average 7 p. m.
Sugar may pass into the perspiration in diabetes, but the passage of the bile-
coloring matters has not been positively shown in this secretion. Benzoic acid,
succinic acid, tartaric acid, iodine, arsenic, mercuric chloride and quinine pass
into the perspiration. Uric acid has also been found in the perspiration in gout
and cystine in cystinuria.
Chromnidrosia is the name given to the secretion of colored perspiration.
Sometimes perspiration has been observed to be colored blue by indigo (Bizio),
by pyocyanin, or by ferro-phosphate (Collmann l
). True blood-sweat, in which
blood-corpuscles exude from the opening of the glands, has also been observed.
The exchange of gas through the skin is of great importance for non-
scaly amphibians; in mammalia, birds and human beings it is of little
importance compared with the exchange of gas by the lungs. The
absorption of oxygen by the skin, which was first shown by Regnault
and Reiset, is small, and according to Zuelzer amounts under the
most favorable circumstances to Tfo- of the oxygen absorbed by the
lungs. The quantity of carbon dioxide eliminated by the skin increases
with the rise of temperature (Aubert, Rohrig, Fubini and Ronchi,
Barratt and according to Willebrand beginning at 33°)2
. It especially
increases with hyperemia of the skin and in particular after muscular
activity. It is also greater in light than in darkness. It is greater dur-
ing digestion than when fasting, and greater after a vegetable than after
an animal diet (Fubini and Ronchi). The quantity calculated by differ-
ent investigators for the entire skin surface in twenty-four hours varies
between 2.23 and 32.8 grams. According to Schierbeck and Wille-
brand 3
the average quantity is 7.5-9 grams, and it is ordinarily given as
about 1.5 per cent of the quantity eliminated by the lungs. In a horse,
Zuntz, with Lehmann and Hagemann,4,
found for twenty-four hours
an elimination of carbon dioxide by the skin and intestine which amounted
to nearly 3 per cent of the total respiration. Less than four-fifths of
this carbon dioxide came from the skin respiration. The same investi-
gators found that the skin respiration equals 2\ per cent of the simulta-
neous lung respiration.
1
Bizio, Wien. Sitzungsber., 39; Collmann, cited from v. Gorup-Besanez’s Lehrbuch,
4. Aufl., 555.
2
Zuelzer, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 53; Aubert, Pfluger’s Arch., 6; Rohrig, Deutsch.
Klin., 1872, 209; Fubini and Ronchi, Moleschott’s Untersuch. z. Naturlehre, 12;
Barratt, Journ. of Physiol., 21; Willebrand, Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., 13.
1
See Hoppe-Seyler, Physiol. Chem., 580; Schierbeck, Arch. f. (Anat. u.) Physiol.,
1892; Willebrand, 1. c.
4
Arch. f. (Anat. u.) Physiol., 1894, and Maly’s Jahresber., 24.
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