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920 METABOLISM.
individuality and the race of the animal are of importance for flesh deposi-
tion.
The conditions in young, growing individuals differ from those in
adults. In the first the protein is necessary for the building up of the
growing tissue and in them an abundant true flesh deposition takes place.
For this protein fattening the amount of supply does not take first place,
but rather the energy of development.
As above stated (Chapter IX) , in regard to the formation of fat in the
animal body, the most essential condition for a fat deposition is an over-
feeding with non-nitrogenous foods. The extent of fat deposition is
determined by the excess of calories administered over those actually
needed. But as protein and fat are expensive nutritive bodies as com-
pared with carbohydrates, the supply of greater quantities of carbo-
hydrates is important for fat deposition. The body decomposes less
substances at rest than during activity. Bodily rest, besides a proper
combination of the three chief groups of organic foods, is therefore
also an essential requisite for an abundant fat deposit.
E. Grafe and D. Graham 1
report an experiment on a dog in which they were
able to keep the body weight nearly constant for about two months by excessive
food with about 210 per cent of the minimum need of calories and with a diet
very rich in non-nitrogenous food-stuffs. No fattening occurred in this case;
the calories produced were considerably increased and the author considers this
case as an accommodation to the food and a luxus-consumption of non-nitrogenous
food-stuffs.
Action of Certain Other Bodies on Metabolism. Water. If a quan-
tity in excess of that which is necessary, is introduced into the organism,
the excess is quickly and principally eliminated with the urine. This
increased elimination of urine causes in fasting animals (Voit, Forster),
but not to any appreciable degree in animals taking food (Seegen, Sal-
kowski and Munk, Mayer, Dubelir 2
), an increased elimination of
nitrogen. The reason for this increased nitrogen excretion is to be found
in the fact that the drinking of much water causes a complete washing
out of the urea from the tissues. Another view, which is defended by
Voit, is that because of the more active current of fluids, after taking
large quantities of water, an increased metabolism of proteins takes place.
Voit considers this explanation the correct one, although he does not
deny that by the liberal administration of water a more complete washing
out of the urea from the tissues takes place. Opinions on this subject
are not yet in accord, and recently Heilner has advocated Voit’s
1
Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chem., 73.
2
Voit, Untersuch. uber den Einfluss des Kochsalzes, etc. (Munchen, 1860); Forster,
cited from Voit in Plennann’s Handbuch, 6, 153; Seegen, Wien. Sitzungsber., 63;
Salkowski and Munk, Virchow’s Arch., 71; Mayer, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 2; Dubelir,
Zeitschr. f. Biologie, 28.
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