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i)
1. Review of the Literature.
The intestinal flora of man has for many years attracted
considerable attention from various points of view. A number of
investigators have devoted their time to a taxonomic study of
bacteria present in the alimentary canal and in the excretion. The
physiological significance of the bacterial flora has been elucidated
by others and the literature dealing with the symbiotic or antibiotic
relationships of the different groups of intestinal bacteria to the
human body is voluminous. It is evident that in the course of
so much work, numerous cases of the presence of moulds in the
digestive tract and in the faeces have been met with, especially
where platings have been made of the content of stomach, intestine,
and faeces. It is equally true that such fungi have been discussed
only in rare and exceptional cases. The appearance of moulds on
platings from the alimentary tract has invariably been passed
over without comment. Sometimes a short notice is given,
announcing these fungal intruders as »harmlose» or »banale Schim-
melpilze», even and this is the rule — where no identification
of the fungi has been made.
KÜstEr (34) in his recent résumé of the normal intestinal flora
of the adult, groups the different organisms in the following classes:
1. B. coli-group; 2. Acidophilous bacteria; 3. B. proteus-group:
4. B. subtilis-group; 5. Anaerobic bacteria; 6. Thermophilous
bacteria; 7. Micrococci; 8. Species of Vibrio, Spirillum and
Spirochaete; 9. Yeasts and Moulds: Only the last group interests
us here. No reference to literature is given, and no further remarks
are made with regard to yeasts and moulds beyond the statement
that species of Saccharomyces begin to appear in the faeces as soon
as mixed food is taken, the meconium being free from yeasts as
well as bacteria. NOTHNAGEL (44), as early as 1881, gives a detailed
account of his results obtained from a study of more than 800
samples of human faeces. He found Saccharomyces very common
in faeces. Oidium lactis was found in pathogenic cases. According
to NOTHNAGEL yeasts in human faeces had already been observed
by FRERICH, who sometimes found them present in large numbers.
SCYDLOWSKI, in 1879, had also discussed the prevalence of yeasts
in faeces, and BREFELD regarded the intestinal tract the very habitat
and breeding place of yeasts.
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