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468
IV. EDUCATION AND MENTAL CULTURE IN SWEDEN.
the present day — a state of things which can be proved by the fact that practi
cally all the botanists who hold official appointments in the country are specialists
in one group or another of cryptogams. The microscope came to be used
increasingly in this study, both in differentiating the different species and in
investigating their internal structure. Owing to this increased accuracy of method,
the investigation of cryptogams in Sweden has been able to record among its
results, not only the discovery of a number of new species, but also important
observations upon the structure and propagation of lower vegetable forms.
Algology was the
branch that attracted
the majority of
students; among them the
following deserve
mention: J. G. Agardh
(1813/1901), who
published a number of
important works, thereby
establishing his
reputation as one of the
foremost algologists of the
period; J. E. Areschoug
(1811/87), who made
important discoveries as
to the structure and
mode of propagation of
numerous families of
algæ; F. R. Kjeümau
(born 1846), a pupil of
the lastnamed, who has
investigated the flora of
the algæ in the Arctic
seas and introduced the
formation idea in the
study of the algal
regions in the ocean; V.B.
Wittrock (born 1839),
an eminent investigator
of the systematics of
several large genera of
algæ, and O. Nordstedt
(born 1838),
acknowledged as the greatest living authority on the desmids; finally, G. Lagerheim
(born I860), who has published numerous papers on the structure and
development of the lower algæ. Descriptive lichenology has found an excellent exponent
in Th. M. Fries, while mycology has been taken up again from new points of
view by J. Eriksson (born 1848) and E. Henning (born 1857), who have devoted
special study to rustfungi, by G. Lagerheim, the author of some well-known
monographs on certain genera of fungi that are of interest in systematic regard,
and by 0. Juel (born 1863), who histologically has examined several different
genera. S. Berggren (born 1837), S. O. Lindberg (1835/89), and others
have devoted special attention to the study of mosses. The former took up
the flora of the mosses of the Arctic regions in particular, the latter, by a
number of treatises displaying great acumen, has effected reforms in the
systematics of mosses.
Elias Fries.
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