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492
IV. EDUCATION AND MENTAL CULTURE IN SWEDEN.
(1868 95), J. Björling (1871/93), A. Hamberg (born 1863), and G. Kolthof
(born 1845). In 1898, a large expedition under A. G. Nathorst mapped King
Charles’ Land and circumnavigated the Spitzbergen archipelago.
In the year 1895, S. A. Andrié
(born 1854) brought forward his bold
idea of reaching the North Pole by
balloon, a plan based upon certain
observations which he had made in a
number of ascents, of the feasibility
of steering balloons by means of
tail-ropes. A large expedition was organized
in 1896 for the realization of the plan
and embarked for Spitzbergen; on
arrival there, a large balloon-house was
erected on Danish Island and the
balloon was filled ready for a start. After
nearly a month had been futilely spent
in waiting for a favourable wind, the
expedition was constrained to relinquish
the project and return home. In the
following year Andrée started again to
renew the attempt, and on July 11,
1897, at -2-30 p. m., the Eagle (Örnen)
Balloon rose into the air from Port
Virgo. Since that date no reliable
information as regards Andrée and his
two companions, K. Framkel (born
1870) and N. Strindberg (born 1872),
has come to hand, save such as is
afforded by certain drift-buoys, thrown
out of the balloon and found on and
near Iceland, in Norway, and on King
Charles’ Land, and by a carrier pigeon, discovered north of Spitzbergen, bearing
a message to the effect that, on July 13 at noon, the balloon had reached a
latitude of 82’ 2’ N. and was at 15° 5’ East Long. As far as can be gathered
from these data, it would seem as though the balloon voyage had terminated in
the regions S. E. of Francis Joseph Land. The searches that have been made to
try and discover the fate of the balloonists have unfortunately hitherto proved
fruitless. Expeditions have been undertaken for the purpose by J. Stadling (born
1847) and by F. Martin (born 1868) to Siberia, and by A. G. Nathorst to
Spitzbergen and the adjacent islands and to N. W. Greenland. An expedition
specially equipped for search was despatched to Greenland in 1899; though
unsuccessful in their main object, they were able to draw a map of the deep
Francis Joseph Fiord and came upon another large fiord south of it, which
received the name King Oscar Fiord.
The latest enterprise in arctic waters emanating from Sweden is the
extensive determining of degrees that is being carried on in Spitzbergen. The Swedish
section of the work, under E. Jäderin (born 1852) and, since 1901, under G.
De Geer, accomplished the preliminary investigations and other work in 1898 and
spent the winter of 1899,1900 in those regions. During 1902 the work was
carried on under the direction of T. Rubin (born 1874). The other section of
the work is being carried out by, and at the expense of, Russia.
The results of Swedish exploration in l’olar regions may be concisely stated
thus: Spitzbergen, the adjacent islands and archipelagoes, and portions of the coasts
Salomon August Andree.
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