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590
VI. AGRICDLTURE AND CATTLE-BREEDING OF SWEDEN.
occupied 47,710 hectares — the chief part being watery grounds intended
for cultivation.
Not only by administrative measures, but also by the foundation
and subvention of institutions for instruction in agriculture, and by
patronizing scientific researches for agricultural purposes, the State has
contributed towards raising the agricultural trade. Besides, it has
established a Mortgage Bank to supply the needs of agriculture; it
grants loans for cultivatory undertakings and gives contributions to a
great number of private institutions, above all to the Agricultural Societies.
The whole budget estimates for 1903 of the newly established Department
of Agriculture amounts to 6,793,800 kronor, of which 4,859,600 kronor are put
on the regular and 1,934,200 kronor on the extraordinary one. Of these, 63,200
kronor are allowed for the department itself; ont of the remaining items, abont
1,800,000 kronor may be considered as directly intended for the benefit of
agriculture. These items are on the Regular estimate as follows: The Board of
Agriculture 31,800 kronor, agricultural instructional establishments 270,600 kronor,
the agricultural engineers and their assistants 49,500 kronor, veterinary
establishments 59,700 kronor, the improvement of horse-breeding 159,620 kronor,
prevention and checking of infectious diseases among domestic animals 30,000 kronor,
general promotion of farming and husbandry 175,000 kronor, the land-surveying
staff 89,200 kronor, »re-parceling» and subventions for »removal» 113,000 kronor
(see p. 512), besides a number of minor items. On the Extraordinary budget
for the same year are allowed: for instructional establishments 124,300 kronor,
for prevention and checking of tuberculous diseases in cattle 50,000 kronor, to
promote bog-draining and drawing-off of water 500,000 kronor, etc. To this may
be added the grant of 38,250 kronor (on the extraordinary budget) for chemical
stations and perhaps also part of those means, at least, that are intended for
the general surveys of the Kingdom and for geological researches. On the budget
of the Ecclesiastical department the subvention for veterinary instruction (59,400
kronor) is entered. (A krona = l’lo shilling or 0’2 68 dollar.)
Agricultural Science.
It seems desirable here to insert a brief notice of the very important ally
practical fanning has in agricultural science. The first traces in Sweden of theory
as being employed in the service of agriculturists is to be found in such books of
notes as Per Brake’s Household-Book (of 1581) and Rålamb’s A Nobleman’s
Exercises (of 1690); it was not, however, until about 1750 that real efforts in that
direction were made, and then in conjunction with the newly awakened interest in
rural economy and natural science. While Jakob Faggot (1699/1777), Chief
Director of the land-surveying Department and Secretary of the Academy of
Sciences, was the originator of the epoch-making »re-parceling of lands»
(Storskifte and Enskifte, see p. 512), and while Jonas Alströmer (1685/1761) and
his sons were awakening the attention of farmers to the department of
stock-breeding, both by papers and lectures, two Finns, by name A. Gadd (1727 97)
and P. J. Bladh (1746/1816) were at work to the same end, and Joh.
Fischerström (1735/96), a member of the Academy of Sciences, was publishing his New
Swedish Dictionary of Agricultural Economy and his Observations concerning Swedish
Farm-Management, Public and Private. Meanwhile, Chairs in Agricultural Economy
had been founded at the Universities of Uppsala and Lund in the years 1740, 1750,
and 1759, without any very tangible result being forthcoming, though.
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