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It) I. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Variations in Levels of Sivedish Rivers.
maximum of precipitation. Low-water occurs during the latter part of
the winter and in the summer. Great differences prevail, however, as
regards the relative proportion between these high-water and low-water
levels, and the dates of their normal occurrence, the question being,
therefore, one of very great interest. Very characteristic, too, are the absolute
and the normal extent of the variations in questions, i. e., the difference
between the highest and the lowest known levels, and the normal
high-and low-water levels, respectively.
In the Diagram are given the average variations in a number of Swedish rivers,
which can be considered as typical of the groups mentioned above. They have
been drawn to show the average for every day during a long period. It is
clear that they show only the most conspicuous variations, but not their details.
In Table 3 are given the values of the gauge-heights and the average dates
of the appearance of the winter- and the summer low-water levels; of the spring,
autumn, and winter high-water levels, and the amount of the variations.
In Table 4 is a summary of a number of characteristic discharges. The
values given must not be considered definite, as, at present, the investigations
have not been sufficiently numerous. The data given are: those of exceptional
high-water discharge or highest known discharge; the normal high-water discharge,
or the mean, for several years, of the highest discharges occurring every year;
the average discharge, or the mean for several years of the annual average
discharge; the normal low-water discharge, the mean for several years of the
lowest discharge occurring every year; exceptional low-water discharge, or the
lowest known discharge; the quotients between exceptional maximum and mini-
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