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OFFICIAL CARTOGRAPHY.
229
of Admiralty to draw up sea charts. A number of these were published
by the Nautical Survey Corps established in 1808. This was succeeded
by the Nautical Chart Archives, and in 1849 by the Nautical Chart
Institute (Sjökartekontoret), which in 1871 was renamed the Nautical Chart
Office (Sjökarteverket).
The staff of the Nautical Chart Office consists of a head (a staff-officer in
the Navy), officers and non-commissioned officers told off from the Navy, an
actuary with geodetic training, and a staff of clerks. For the execution of
marine surveys the Navy furnishes any other helpers that may be required
and also ships that, may be needed over and above those belonging to the Office.
The charts published by the Nautical Chart Office fall into three groups:
"passeharts" for open-sea navigation on a scale from 1:300 000 to 1:550 000:
coast-charts for navigation along the coasts on scale of 1 : 200 000 or 1 : 250 000;
and special charts for navigation among the coast-islets or putting into the coast
on the scales of 1 : 50 000 and 1 : 100 000. To these must be added a
route-chart of the Baltic Sea and neighbouring waters on the scale of 1 : 1 500 000.
The Nautical Chart Office also publishes sailing descriptions called "Svenska
lotsen" (the Swedish Pilot), embracing the fairways off the coasts of Sweden,
and "Mem—Göteborg", embracing the Göta Canal, the navigable channels of
Lake Vänern, the Trollhätte Canal and the River Göta älv.
The Geological Survey of Sweden is the youngest cartographical
institution in the country, having been founded in the year 1858. The
function of the Office is to obtain reliable knowledge of the geognostic
character of the country, always paying due attention to the requirements of
science and with special regard to the economic importance of the different
rocks and soils. The results of the institution’s work is made accessible
to the piiblic partly by means of geological maps with accompanying
descriptions, partly by means of treatises and articles dealing with questions
of both purely scientific interest and of practical importance, and partly
by gathering together in a public museum objects illustrative of the
geology of Sweden.
The Office consists of a head, 8 geologists, a secretary, a superintendent of
the museum, and a chemist; besides there are, when required, additional
geologists and additional ordinary officials.
As the cartographical basis of these geological surveys in the field are used
the topographical and economic maps issued by the Ordnance Survey.
The maps which are published by the Bureau, on the basis of field-surveys,
are as follows: —
(a) combined quaternary and rock-maps, that is to say, maps which by
different colourings represent the different geological formations, namely different
sorts of loose soil such as gravel, sand, clay, peat etc. of various kinds, and the
portions of the underlj’ing solid rocky foundation that projects through these loose
soils, each portion being marked by a colour that indicates the character of the
röck. A fundamental principle in the scheme of colour selected is that all colours
that refer to the solid röck foundations are dark, while those that refer to the loose
layers of soil are light. Combined quaternary and rock-maps have been issued,
on a scale of 1 : 50 000 for, roughly speaking, Uppland, Västmanland, Närke,
Södermanland, Östergötland, and Skåne, northern Småland, part of Västergötland
and Dalsland; on a scale of 1 : 200 000 for Halland, the remainder of Småland,
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