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iv. education and mental cultulle.
any organized association but practise gymnastics only for the benefit
of their health.
In the army and navy, the same system is applied in schools of all
grades, for recruits, corporals, non-commissioned and commissioned officers.
Lastly, it may be added that the Ling system is followed everywhere in
Sweden.
With regard to foreign countries, it may be stated that medical gymnastics
have spread more than the other branches. Pedagogic gymnastics have, however,
made progress in several countries, such as Norway, Denmark, England,
Belgium, France, Greece, Spain, Switzerland, Japan, America, etc.; though not to
the same extent in all.
In Norway the staffs of teachers for the schools and for the army are trained
at the Central School in Kristiania, founded and developed on the model of
the Stockholm Institute.
In Denmark it is chiefly at the people’s high schools, in the free shooting
clubs, and in the elementary schools that the Ling system has been largely
introduced, with remarkable success. Even the regulations for gymnastics in the
army and navy generally indicate his principles.
In England a Swedish lady, Mrs Bergman-Österberg, has established a
gymnastic institution for the training of female teachers in gymnastics. This is now
removed to Dartford Heath in Kent. A Swedish gymnast, A. Broman, has
started an institute in London for training teachers of general medical
gymnastics. Besides these, other establishments provide instruction, and at these
not a few members of gymnastic staffs are trained. At Eton, a public school
for boys of the highest ranks of society, Swedish gymnastics are compulsory,
and the Navy regulations specify the Ling system.
In Belgium Swedish gymnastics prevail throughout the army: at the State
university of Ghent a faculty of physical training on Ling’s system has been
added to the medical faculty, and all degrees up to that of doctor can be taken.
Pupils at the great seminary for teachers in Brussels are trained on the same
system, and hence by degrees it has penetrated into the schools.
In France army regulations in gymnastics prescribe a closely similar system:
at the military gymnastic school near Paris, teachers liable to conscription are
annually given a course of three months in gymnastics.
In Greece, the system is officially adopted for .schools and army alike.
During 1912, in Spain, a new infantry regulation for gymnastics was issued
which prescribes only Swedish gymnastics. *
At Geneva in Switzerland Ling’s gymnastics were introduced chiefly by
Professor Jentzer, M. D., who for this purpose also translated the manual most used
in our elementary schools.
In Japan, during 1912, a State school of gymnastics was founded, where the
essential points in the training were adapted to Ling’s principles.
In the United States of America Ling’s gymnastics are widely spread, the
special starting-point having been the Normal School of Gymnastics founded in
Boston by Mrs Mary Hemenway, which is still maintained on funds provided by
her. About thirty teachers of both sexes annually pass an examination at this
school, after a two-years’ course. A number of Swedish teachers also go out
every year to the great republic across the Atlantic.
Gymnastic literature is not very voluminous. It is limited to
regulations, manuals, textbooks, and essays of a more or less casual character.
Sinse 1874 a periodical has been published, entitled the Gymnastic Maga-
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