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iv. education and . mental culture.
In this direction, a pioneer is to be found in Esaias Tegnér, the Younger (born
1843), a man of genius, whose works, e. g. "Språkets makt över tanken" (The
power of speech upon thought) and "Om genus i svenskan" (On gender in Swedish)
are master-pieces of keen and penetrating observation and gift of combination.
Since 1893, the Swedish Academy’s "Ordbok över svenska språket" (Dictionary
of the Swedish Language), has been coming out in Lund. This monumental
work, which is being produced in a manner that does honour to Swedish
philologists, was initiated by Th. Wisén (1835—92). The dictionary work has, for
a long sequence of years, been directed by K. F. Söderwall (born 1842), who
is also renowned for his great "Ordbok över svenska medeltidsspråket" (Dictionary
of Mediaeval Swedish), a remarkable witness to his wide knowledge of philology
and severe accuracy. J. G. Ch. Cederschiöld (born 1849) has published a valuable
stylistic work "Om svenskan som skriftspråk" (Swedish as a written language)
and a number of philological treatises on Swedish, ancient and modern; besides
this he is noted as an editor of Icelandic texts. Another philological author of
note is Th. Hjelmquist (born 1866). Since 1901, an Uppsala magazine, "Språk
och stil" (Language and Style), has been coming out, started and edited by R.
Berg (born 1876), B. Hesselman, and O. Östergren (born 1874). This magazine
is specially devoted to the style of modern Swedish. J. Mjöberg (born 1876)
is also a notable worker in this sphere.
Swedish Metrics have been expounded by A. R. von Ercemer (1825—1903),
F. A. Wulff, K. F. N. Beckman, and B. Risberg (born 1862).
The study of names in Scandinavia finds Swedish representatives of merit
in the following: M. F. Lundgren (1852—1903) "Personnamn från medeltiden"
(Personal names of the Middle Ages) and E. H. Lind (born 1849)
"Norskisländska dopnamn och fingerade namn från medeltiden" (Baptismal and fictitious
names of Norway and Iceland in the Middle Ages), both extremely valuable books
of reference. The Committee for examining place-names, appointed by
government io 1902, has commenced, in a highly satisfactory way, attempts towards
a systematic enquiry into the cultivation and nature names of Sweden. Its
member representing philology is A. Noreen. Up to now, a complete treatment,
from a fiscal and philological point of view, of the place-names of thirteen
hundreds of the Älvsborg Län has been published. Among other investigators
of names, E. Hellqvist deserves especial mention.
The unique wealth of runic stones possessed by Sweden has — as seen above —
attracted the attention of scholars from an early date. The Royal Academy of
Literature, History, and Antiquities, has contrived an extensive work containing a
complete treatment of all the runic inscriptions of Sweden; and the preliminary
work, which has been carried on for a long time past, has up to now resulted
in important collections and in the publication of the inscriptions of Öland and
part of those of Östergötland. Above others S. M. Söderberg (1849 —1901)
and E. Br ate (born 1857) have been active on this subject.
E. R. Geete (born 1849) has done great service as a bibliographer and
publisher of early Swedish texts.
Of Teutonic languages outside Scandinavia it is only Gothic that has been
scientifically treated in Sweden until the most recent times. The incomparably
most important source of knowledge of this language — the "Codex Argenteus"
in Uppsala — had already attracted to this study earlier scholars, such as
Stjernhjelm, Verelius, and Ihre. A. Uppström (1806—65) published later on a
satisfactory text both of the Codex Argenteus and of other Gothic manuscripts and
thus laid a firm foundation for subsequent investigations. During the last
generation, other Teutonic languages have been included in the sphere of interest
of Swedish scholarship. In English philology, A. Erdmann, E. Björkman (born
1872), E. Ekivall (born 1877), and E. F. Sundén (born 1868) have been active,
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