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political economy and sociology.
565
place is taken by the re-organization of State secondary schools for boys
resolved upon in 1904. The prime movers of this reform are Karl von Friesen
(1846—1905) and Ernst Carlson (1854—1909). The former, as Minister of
Ecclesiastical Affairs and Education, introduced the scheme for reform into the
Riksdag, while the latter brought forward the private bill which formed the
main foundation of the work of reform. Later on Carlson became the first
chief of the State Supervisory Board for secondary Education then instituted.
The regulation of private educational establishments supported by the State
also belongs to the reforms of this period, especially that of higher schools for
girls, and also the institution of municipal intermediate schools. The principal
place in cooperating to this end is taken by P. E. Lindström (born 1863) and,
especially as regards the municipal schools, Fridtjuv Berg (born 1851), the
former as Under-Secretary for Education in the higher Ecclesiastical Department,
the latter as member of the Riksdag. Both have later on as successive Ministers
of Ecclesiastical Affairs continued to work for the consummation of their
projects of reform.
The chief activity of Fridtjuv Berg has been devoted to the advancement of
elementary education. His extensive work as a writer on educational subjects
has aimed at this end above all. As Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs he brought
before the Riksdag very important schemes for the reform of elementar}’ schools.
These proposals later on were carried through in essentials.
Professorships in Pedagogy have been established at the Universities of
Uppsala and Lund in recent years: at the former B. H. R. Hammer (born 1877),
and at the latter P. A. S. Herrlin (born 1870) are the first occupants of their
respective chairs.
Besides those already mentioned, the following persons merit to be singled out
as active pedagogues or pedagogical writers: B. J:son Bergqvist (born 1860), Chief
of the State Supervisory Board for Elementary Education, T. Moll (born 1853)
Secondary school professor, who, as a member of the State Supervisory board for
Secondary Education, worked for better methods of instruction in physics and
chemistry and suitable localities for that instruction, H. Dahlgren (born 1861), member
of the State Supervisory Board for Elementary Education, Marié Louise Gagner
(born 1868), professor at a training college, censor of biographs, F. von Schéele
(born 1853), chief inspector of elementary schools in Stockholm, who among
other things has been the prime mover in the establishment of modern
trade-schools in the capital, Hjalmar Berg (born 1859) låte elementary school teacher,
inspector of manual work, superintendent of the Swedish school-museum in
Stockholm, Hans Larsson (born 1862), professor in philosophy, lecturer and writer on
educational subjects, and N. G. IF. Lagerstedt (born 1847), låte member of the
State Supervisory Board for Secondary Education and founder of the Pedagogic
Library at Stockholm.
Political Economy and Sociology.
The study of Economics in Sweden has displayed periods very varying in
character. During the 17th century there was actually but one author of
importance, Johan Classon Risingh, (1617—72), Secretary to the Board of Trade
and Governor of the colony of New Sweden; his great work, never yet published,
("Tractat om kiöphandelen", A treatise on trade), gives evidence of an
independent conception of economic problems united with a thorough intimacy with
literature, especially that of Holland and England, ("Itt uttogh om kiöphandelen
eller commercierne", An Extract on Trade or Commerce was printed in 1669).
The period 1718—72, known in Swedish history as the "Era of Liberty", on
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