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iv. education and . mental culture.
Fridtjtiv Berg.
in the field of elementary education. Anna Sandström (born 1854), at present
the most eminent author in Sweden on educational subjects, has done more for
the education of girls than anyone else in the country. She advocates a
concrete intuitive instruction; history, geography, and natural science being the
chief subjets. In instruction she favours realism, not as opposed to humanism,
since she lays great stress on the precedence that should be given the
humanistic subjects, but as opposed to formalism, above all formalism in the teaching
of languages. Her views are propagated chiefly by "Verdandi", a pedagogic
periodical edited by her since 1883. S. O. I. Almquist (born 1S44), for many years
headmaster of one of those State secondary schools, where courses for
probationers are arranged, one of Sweden’s most original thinkers in this sphere and
a versatile writer of textbooks, has, by his special richness in fresh and fruitful
suggestions, achieved very important work in introducing methods of rational
training and instruction. — The originator of the Swedish pedagogic system of
sloyd, 0. Salomon (1849—1907), calls for mention here. He has as a writer
on educational subjects, specially treated the question of manual training and
its importance as regards education.
During the portion of the 20th century already elapsed important reforms
have been achieved in the province of education. Among these the foremost
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