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iv. education and . mental culture.
The pathological systems, based but partly upon exact research, that were in
vogue in the seventeenth and eigthteenth centuries and at the beginning of
the nineteenth century, had their representatives in Sweden too, among whom
the last was Israel Hwasser (1790 — 1860). The pathological-anatomical school of
Paris at the beginning of last century, which once for all made clinical
observation an integral element in pathological anatomy, found its first Swedish
disciples in A. Retzius (1796 — 1860) and M. Huss (1807 — 90), and shortly
after the middle of the nineteenth century professorships of pathological
anatomy were founded in Uppsala and Stockholm at about the same time. The
representatives of this subject at Uppsala, Stockholm, and Lund were
respectively P. Hedenius (1828—96), A. Key (1832 — 1901), and M. V. Odenius (1828
—1913). These investigators and their pupils, among whom may be mentioned
H. Bendz (1851—1914), U. Quensel (born 1863), E. Selander (born 1846),
K. Sundberg (born 1859), A. Westberg (born 1859), C. Wallis (born 1845),
O. Hedrén (born 1865) and M. Forsman (born 1868) have done research work
in pathological anatomy, or bacterio-etiology; in 1895 this last-named science
was endowed with its first teacher, the post of Demonstrator of Bacteriology
at the R. Caroline Medico-Surgical Institute in Stockholm beeing then created.
Modern hygienic research likewise obtained its first professorship in Sweden
at the above-named Institution, the first holder of which from 1878 was E.
Heyman (1829—89). E. Almquist (born 1852), A. Key, K. Linroth (born 1848),
C. Wallis, and R. Wawrinsky (born 1852), G. Wirgin (born 1868) and G. Koræn
(born 1877) have been active workers in this field. The extensive studies of
A. Key in school-hygiene deserve special notice.
Forensic Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence were first accorded a chair at
the R. Caroline Medico-Surgical Institute in Stockholm, A. H. Wistrand (1819
—74) being appointed in 1861 associate professor. Besides him, A. Jäderholm.
(1837—85), A. Key-Aberg (born 1854) and II. Bendz have been the principal
workers in this science in Sweden.
The history of Internal Medicine in Sweden is closely linked to that of the
medical colleges. P. Hoffvenius (1630—82), professor at Uppsala, may be called
the founder of this branch of study in Sweden. Olof Rudbeck the elder (1630
—1702) worked zealously for the erection of the first university college hospital
in the kingdom, but it was not. actually decided upon until 1717. In the eighteenth
century the medical faculty of Uppsala possessed two brilliant teachers and.
scientists: N. Rosén v. Rosenstein (1706—73), the father of Swedish pediatrics,,
and Karl v. Linné (Linnæus), who, among other things, affirmed that the
maintenance of health depended on good air, sufficient exercise and sleep,
suitable-diet, etc., and with a seer’s prevision declared in his treatise "Exanthemata
viva" that contagious diseases such as plague, leprosy, consumption, ague fever
etc., are bred in the human system by animalculæ, and these Linné hoped’
would in time be discovered. — In Lund the first professorship of practical
medicine was held by the German polyhistor Kr. Rostius (1620—87). During
the eighteenth century the most brilliant teacher the faculty possessed was E.
Rosén-Rosenblad (1714—96), highly esteemed both as a physician and as a
scientist. Emanuel Swedenborg (1688—1772), the famous visionary, produced,,
although be was not a physician, works on the brain (1740—41) and its diseases
(some not yet published), which contain valuable discoveries for medical science,
the import of which has not been found out and appreciated until our own
times.
Internal medicine dates its regeneration from the middle of the nineteenth
century, when the philosophical tendency of thought was thrust aside by
scientific, objective investigation of nature. At the beginning of the century Sweden
had two renowned physicians for internal diseases, viz. P. v. Afzelius (1760—
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