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iv. education and . mental culture.
the influence of light on the eye. At Uppsala A. Gullstrand (born 1862) has
been professor of ophthalmology since 1894; he has won renown by his
epoch-making researches on the laws of refraction of the eye-media; regarded as one
of the most eminent ophthalmologists and physicists of the present day, he was
awarded the (Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1911). Lowegren’s successor (1906) at
Lund was J. A. Dalen (born 1866), but he removed to Stockholm to fill the place
left vacant by Widmark’s death. Both he and his successor at Lund, G.
Ahlström (born 1862), have written excellent works on their branch of science. At
Stockholm E. Nordenson (born 1847) has been long practising as an
eye-specia-list, the retinal detachment being a subject to which he has devoted
thoroughgoing study.
Diseases of the nose, ear and throat have quite recently been separated
off as a special subject from surgery as a whole, but only at present at one
medical college, viz. in Stockholm, has a professorship in it been established.
The reform was heralded by a provisional arrangement of ten years’ duration,
during which E. Stangenberg (born 1860) was a teacher of the subject. In
1912 the first Swedish professor of otiatrics was appointed: G. Holmgren (born
1875); he has made the diseases of the inner ear a special topic of
investigation.
Radiology has made very rapid progress in the medical world, and at many
of the larger Swedish hospitals, especially in conjunction with the clinics,
institutions adequately equipped for its practice have been recently organized. The
largest and most up-to-date one was erected at the Seraphima Hospital,
Stockholm, in 1910; it is presided over by Dr. G. Forssell (born 1876), who had
for four years previously been engaged as rontgenologist at the hospital and
made himself famous by numerous works, especially by one dealing with the
radiology and anatomy of the stomach.
Orthopaedic surgery has also in Sweden numerous representatives; at the
Caroline Institute a professorship in the subject has just been established with
funds presented by Fru Maria Ekman, widow of the låte Consul Ekman, widely
known for his great munificence to a variety of similar objects. The first
occupant of the chair is Dr. Patrik Haglund (born 1870), who, in a large
number of works, has dealt, among other topics, with infantile paralysis, its sequelæ
and their treatment.
The principal Swedish medical journals are: Nordiskt medicinskt arkiv,
Uppsala läkarförenings förhandlingar (Transactions of the Uppsala Medical
Society), and Ilygiea, the organ of the Swedish Medical Society (Svenska
läkaresällskapet), which was founded in 1808.
Physical Anthropology.
In the prosecution of those researches that seek to solve the intricate problem
of the physical characters of the races of mankind, with due regard paid also
to their descent and reciprocal relationship, Swedish scientists have taken a
prominent part. Linnaeus (1707—78) laid down, in his Systema Naturæ, the
number of distinct races into which mankind falls as five, basing his conclusions
principally on the colour of the skin and on the arrangement of the Continents;
his five were: Americans, Europeans, Asiatics, Africans, and a "freak" race.
In place of the last-named Australians were ranged by the German anatomist
Blumenbach among the five races; at the time of the issue of Linnæus’ work
they were not yet known of. Blumenbach for his subdivision of the races of
mankind made use to a large extent of the shape of the cranium, more
especially the shape and appearance of the face and forehead.
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