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physical anthropology.
583
G. Seizins.
This branch of modern Anthropology was started by the researches that
Anders Retzius (1796—1860) carried out respecting the shape of the cranium among
the Northern peoples; it was subsequently pursued principally by German
and French investigators. Retzius proved that there are distinct, typical shapes
of cranium for the different varieties of race. He first investigated the people
of Sweden and those of other European countries; then afterwards those of
■extra-European countries. The subdivision he established for the shape of the
cranium, based upon the proportion existing between length and breadth (Index
cephalicus Retzii), has been very generally adopted by subsequent writers and
investigators, some of them introducing a middle form (mesocephali) between
his original forms (dolichocephali and brachycephali), which he also had observed,
though he was unwilling to introduce it as a special form variety. He also
divided these varieties of crania, according to the less or greater prominence
of the jaws, into orthognathous and prognathous. Sven Nilsson (1787—1883),
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